Porter Analysis IKEA

In United States as in Sweden, we chiffonier observe at that place ar some companies in operation(p) in the article of furniture constancy and in that respect are legion(predicate) on the trade retailers like cornerstone Depot, Wal-Mart, Costco, Euromarket, etc The import of products from China for every(prenominal) these companies al piteouss them to transmit at low cost. These elements in that locationfore tell us that the furniture fabrication is very competitive. There is an analysis of the rivalry of IKEA in this sector IKEA kit and caboodle in a highly competitive indus accentuate highlighted by some opposite low expenditured furniture producers like Galiform (England), Wal-Mart (USA), Euromarket (USA), Argos (England), and others. IKEA has wisely attempted to deal by entering the markets that typically pose the largest competition, such as China and japan (Caplan, 2006). IKEA reach a wider market to increase his customers and his market share. The confeder acy is, in the world, the leader in the effort of discounted furniture. For the customers, IKEA is the most in delivering the complete package, there are equivalent to those of furniture IKEA but value for money, IKEA is leader. The trust in customers about product quality, the global brand name and the design very popular design has given IKEA a competitive edge.To conclude, IKEA diversify this products with the food, textile and mobile industry so we hatful add Sainsburys, Tesco, Asda for UK food or Virgin, Vodafone and O2 for mobile to the list of IKEAs contentions. Threat of New Entrants Capital requirements The engage to target large financial resources make it difficult for a competitor to enter a fresh market, because they save to commit money up front with no guarantee of returns in the end. This positively affects IKEA, in a miserable term because any new entrants will bind to invest a large amount of capital in order to compete with them.IKEA has already a vast s upply chain and its brand is already unique and kn knowledge in a large exfoliation and a new entrant in the furniture market would need a very large amount of money to establish its brand and get along low outlays as IKEA do. Supply- side of meat economies of scale Economies of scale are factors that cause the average out cost of producing something to fall as the saturation of its output increases(The economist). IKEA is positively change by supply side economies of scale, because it is large enough for it. They make economies of scale as they use better technology and they also have a very large supply chain.Due to this, when new competitors enter this market, they will have a higher cost of production, because they have minor(ip)er economies of scale. Demand side benefits of scale Network effects arise in industries where a purchasers willingness to pay for a companys product increases with the depend of other buyers who also patronize the company(Harvard Business Rev iew). This is a trustworthy point to IKEA as it has a large number of customers than the new entrants. The customers would like to buy IKEA products than the products of the new entrant.Incumbency advantages independent of size IKEA has an advantage because they have an established brand, this is a strong competitive advantage in a short term compared to new competitors. In this case entry barriers in the furniture market are high this is an advantage to IKEA. On the other hand, IKEA stores are non present in many small towns this is an opportunity for the new competitors to move into small and midsized cities where there are smaller stores and less selection. take down though it is not easy because new entrants would have to provide a large supply chain.Threat of Substitute The threat of having substitutes in the domicile furnishings industry seems very low as there is no specific product, which give the bounce substitute the furniture. If we look at the definition of substi tute proposed by Jean-Marc LEHU, we rear understand that in the industry of furniture require, probability of substitutes is almost impossible. manageable threat of trend changes exists, i. e. there is growing orientation towards greater manufacture of furniture made from other materials than wood, that is, various metals, plastics and glass.However, despite the reduction of wood in furniture manufacture in the past years, wood is expect to stay one of the most important raw materials for furniture manufacture, because of its advantages when compared with other materials. As the market is becoming more environment concerned many firms are giving slogan to go green. But the basic useful demand has remained the like. So it is safe to say that there are no threats of substitutes. Buyer business leader When we speak about buyers who are concentrated, we unders as well asd that there are few buyers and many sellers.In the home furnishing industry, there are thence many sellers, of distinct sort, like furniture retailer, department store or big brand too. But in the corresponding time, the number of all consumers is not comparable. Nowadays, each person in the world needs home furnishing, never mind the artless or the social status. So we cannot say that buyers are concentrated in the home furnishing industry. When the home furnishing industry concerns individuals, they move intot buy large volume except for special occasions. Home furnishing concerns purchase of something reflective or rather useful.We cannot buy home furnishing the same way as we buy food. Conversely, companies can buy easier large volume than individuals, but they dont represent the bulk of buyers. As distinguish previously, there are many home furnishing stores around the world in order to satisfy or attract more and more consumers. These numerous competitors are in different sectors in office their size. severally company have to make their different with their price, products an d service as add value, to resolution buyers needs. The most of the companies in the home furnishing industry try to make the difference in having low price to lure buyers.For consumer, when a product, that he wants, its too expensive or not at his taste, its really easy for him to go to other stores. And buyers know that there are numerous alternatives sellers that give them military group. Switching costs means that if a consumer compares the similar product from one seller to another seller, there is not a high difference of price. Indeed, in home furnishing industry, we cannot that the entire price are practically in the same price. We can remark too that the most of the products are similar that means theyre standardised.We can take the example of a whisk in five different stores (four presents in Ireland and one in France) Stores Price IKEA 650 Debenhams 5 Mark & Spenser 750 Woodies DIY 5 Alina 590 That chart show that all of the stores have practically the same price for ex actly the same product. So we can say that buyers have a high power of negotiation with the several alternative sellers, the low switching costs and with the products that are standardised. Supplier Power The supplier power in the home furnishings industry is quite low for numerous reasons.According to a French documentary, the number of supplier all over the world is huge. or so of these suppliers are located in the developed countries (Japan, Australia, Europe, Canada). Each company has its own supplier. The suppliers have no influence because they can be substituted. (Grard Poitou-Weber, 2007). Yet, the customers in this industry are fragmented. The companies of this industry are implanted worldwide every country has at least 5 companies of home furnishings that informed us how this market is developed.It appears that the suppliers of every home furnishings store are neither powerful nor famous. Each company is provided by different suppliers. The biggest companies have at least vitamin D suppliers from 20 or 30 countries (El pais, 2006). Based on this information, we can hypothesize that it could be difficult for a supplier to become a anchor competitor. Of course, they still can compound the market, but itll on a small scale. Suppliers have not that much power because they depend a gage on the companies they provide.Its the companies from home furnishings industry which decide who will be their suppliers and they have a lot a choices. Most of the suppliers would go crush without IKEA, M&S or Alinea. Big companies nearly impose the price of the items they want to buy from the suppliers (Alexandre DEBOUTE, Le Figaro, 2010). To conclude, the example of IKEAs suppliers can decorate the lack of power for the suppliers. The Franchisor IKEA Website provides us a large amount of figures that can show the low power of their suppliers.Ikea owns 338 stores but have about 1300 suppliers from 53 different countries. None of them can seriously think about integ rate the market and try to compete with IKEA. IKEA also owns manufacturing company like SwedwoodManufacturer. So it is evident that IKEA can threats the suppliers to enter into their business. In a nutshell, the supplier power in the home furnishings industry can be defined as quite low because of the numbers of suppliers, the numbers of home furnishings companies and the status of the biggest companies.

The Environment of Crisis on the Nigerian Educational System

Comparative fostering Volume 33 no 1 1997 pp. 87 95 The surroundings of Crises in the Nigerian bringing up dodge CORDELIA C. NWAGWU ABSTRACT The Nigerian pedagogy ar die hardment witnessed tremendous magnification surrounded by independence in 1960 and 1995. However, the come disclose declined after 1986 when frugal depression resolveed in the introduction of the Structural exclusivelyowance account Programme. A population explosion, frequent changes in the g ein truthplacening body due to legions coups, a depressed e cabbageomy and un think and rampant trainingal expansion all developd an surroundings of crisis in the precept organisation.The crises included those of poor livelihood, short-handed facilities, admission and certi cate illegitimate enterpriseeering, psychometric test malpractices, oecumenic undiscipline and the emergence of secret cults. personnel department concern problems resulted in frequent strikes and closures and the abandonment of donnishian standards. The thesis is that each partnership which stimu b ar-assed-fashioneds the uncoordinated growth of its culture st tempogy and accordingly fails to allow the necessary dedicated teachers, teaching and larn facilities and operating funds for module and student welf ar inspection and repairs, is creating an surround within which all types of problems and crises will ? urish. Lessons for early(a) developing nations include the need for democratically elected stable governances preferably of array regimes and better readiness, funding and management of the commandment ashes. The National insurance constitution on Education (NPE) It is necessary to examine brie? y the present governing body of cultivation and its immediate last(prenominal) in order to appreciate the nature, causes and order of the different types of crises in the system.The National Policy on Education (NPE) popularly referred to as the 6-3-3-4 system, was introduced in 1977 a nd past revised in 1981 (federal official democracy of Nigeria, 1981). It mark a radical departure from the British system of gentility which Nigeria transmissible at independence in 1960. Basically it adopted the American system of 6 years of first gentility, 3 years of junior in immanent school, 3 years of senior subsidiary school, and 4 years of university preparation. primitive command is free, only if non compulsory.Junior subaltern learning is supposed to be free, but it is not yet so in any of the 30 disk operating systems in the federation. The transition from primary to junior alternative education was planned to be automatic but more another(prenominal) states conduct competitive tempt runs since the obtainable junior secondary schools cannot accommodate all the aspirants. A major emphasis in the NPE is the teaching of pre-vocational subjects to all students at the junior secondary level. The learning of Nigerian languages is excessively compulsor y at the primary and secondary school levels.Much much than attention is being paid to women s education and the teaching of science, technical and vocational subjects at the senior secondary and third levels. Although many policy documents support decentralisation of the system of administration, t luluher is an ever-increasing angle of inclination towards centralisation of Correspondence to Cordelia C. Nwagwu, Institute of Education, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. 0305-0068/97/010087-09 $7. 00 O 1997 Carfax Publishing Ltd 88 C. C. Nwagwu ducational control peculiarly as the federal official government is cal take upon to assume a greater role in the funding of the education system at all levels. During the 1993 1994 academic year, thither were 38,254 primary schools, 5959 secondary schools, 55 colleges of education, 45 polytechnics and colleges of technology and 35 universities in Nigeria. Though virtually critics consider the higher(prenominal) up statistics inad equate for a country with tumesce-nigh 100 one(a) thousand million stack, the list of institutions represents a phenomenal rate of expansion of the education system between 1960 and 1993.Indeed, at independence on that hitch was only when one university college, one college of technology, no colleges of education (only 280 low-level teacher training colleges) and 443 secondary schools (Fafunwa, 1974). It is generally admit that the system has developed quantitatively, but it lacks many of the ingredients needed for qualitative growth. The problems in the Nigerian education system which contrive reached crisis dimensions be direct consequences of the rapid, unplanned, uncontrolled and uncoordinated expansion of the system. Contextual and Theoretical FrameworkNigeria has been politically independent for the past 35 years. During this stopover, a democratically elected civil government has only been in power for 10 years. The remaining 25 years form witnessed military mac hine rule by different military regimes which seized power in military coups. All over the world, military regimes, which although they claim to be a corrective intervention, argon usually seen as an aberration since they govern by force and not by the wish of the heap. They tend to be unpopular, undemocratic, dictatorial, pamper and unaccountable to anyone except themselves.In Nigeria, great streams of military rule substantiate created problems of instability, incertitude and degeneration on the political, economic, affable and educational scenes. There are truly many educational policies which are released in the form of decrees and edicts, but the policy implementation has been haphazard and quite unsatisfactory. Irregular and sudden changes in the government leadership result in good educational policies failing to be implemented in full or even started. In Nigeria there have been ten different governments since 1960, that is an average of one every 3. years. legion(pr edicate) people have attributed the various crises currently plaguing the Nigerian education system to the poor and unstable national leadership, the ripple effects of which tend to hit education programmes and institutions hardest. For example, every new government prefers to start its own projects preferably than to complete those started by its predecessors. Consequently, in many educational institutions, from universities to primary schools, we nd uncompleted and abandoned buildings and different facilities.To make matters worse for the Nigerians and the education system, military regimes have no de ned mandate and duration, so the military of cers appointed by their seniors to administrative and political positions see their appointments as temporary. They have no constituency and, invariably, they are posted to administer a state other than that of their own origin. With brusk loyalty to the people or to the learning of the education system, they cannot afford the extra vagance of long-term planning. In this operational environs, the education system drives very indefensible to crisis.Moreover, in the view of MacKinnon (1960), it is unfortunately true that the opportunities for patronage and, in the Nigerian case, ethnicity and religion as well, will usually bring into power and government institutions people who have mediocre ability or who are much concerned with self-interest than with the welfare of the everyday and the education system. Therefore, the administrative trend of the military governments in Nigeria has created a context within which ordinary organisational and managerial problems in the schools quickly turned into intractable crises.The military governments appeared more enkindle in exercisCrises in the Nigerian Education System 89 ing right-down control over the teachers and students, whom they perceived as potential troublemakers, than in interact in educational problems which could not be settled quickly with decrees an d edicts. This was especially so where the release of funds was involved. Educational planning has been described as the application of a rational, systematic analysis to the process of educational development so that national education can respond more impellingly to the needs of individuals and society.Coombs (1970, p. 15) opined that although educational planning per se is not the source of policies and decisions, people who have such(prenominal) responsibilities need it to guide them. It is the argument of this paper that because the Nigerian leaders did not even off suf cient attention to educational planning, peculiarly during the long periods of undemocratic non-consultative military governments, they could not keep the intricate internal and remote relationships of the educational system in a reasonable balance.As there were rapid dynamic changes in the social and economic circumstances of the country, the education system could not ad honest quickly enough and so the environment of crises became inevitable. whatsoever educational planning existed in Nigeria during the unstable and tense years of military regime exhibited the quotationistics which Coombs (1970, p. 19) described as focusing on the mechanics and logistics of education alternatively than on the needs of the students and society. Such planning was therefore short-term in outlook, fragmentary in its coverage, non-integrated and non-dynamic.Moreover, the social demand court to educational planning was emphasised by various governments in Nigeria, both civilian and military, for political and propaganda reasons. Thus, for example, the refusal to charge breeding fees in the universities and the policy of establishing a federal university and a polytechnic or college of education in every state in Nigeria were politically popular but educationally and economically unlogical decisions. The policy was made when there were only 12 states in Nigeria. no. that there are 30 states, with t he military government in the process of creating more states in 1996, the funding crisis in higher education is being go on aggravated. Any education system that emphasises growth and expansion without due suppose to the development of reliable sources of funding, an adequate supply of trained teachers for different academic programmes, infrastructural facilities to accommodate natural and stimulated increases in school population and a dynamic economy to absorb its graduates from the schools is laying the seeds that will, on germination, create an environment in which all types of crises will ? urish. Such is the watch of the Nigerian education system. Funding and Educational Development We can examine the crises in Nigerian education from two broad perspectives. One approach is to look at different periods in the development of education in the country and the major crises that featured during each period. This method was adopted by Ocho (1995) when he sorted the crises period s as follows. (1) The crisis of irrrelevance, 1842 1954. (2) The crisis of unequal expansion, 1955 1969. (3) The crisis of unplanned expansion, 1970 1983. 4) The crisis of nancial inadequacy, 1984 1994. In this paper, we s residence adopt the second approach which focuses on the crises which have plagued a given period. Here, we shall concentrate on Nigerian education in the last decade and a half, 1980 1995, a period that has created alarm among educational administrators, parents, teachers, students and even the international community. The crisis of educational funding is a fundamental issue because fine famines of 90 C. C. Nwagwu nance have modify the organisation and administration of education at all levels.The oil repletion in the world market in the early 1980s led to a sudden decline in revenue from petroleum products which had accounted for approximately 80% of Nigeria s income from exports. The consequences were immediate. The free universal primary education (UPE) intention which was started by the federal government in 1976 was hurriedly handed over to state governments and the poor ones could not sustain the programme. Bursary awards for student teachers were stopped and subsidize feeding for students in higher education institutions was also abolished.The chairman of the carrying into operation Committee on the NPE, Dr J. S. Sofolahan, summarised the situation when he utter in his 1991 make known that The National Policy was conceived in times of oil boom, born in times of oil glut, and nurtured in times of economic depression (Sofolahan, 1991). Chuta (1995) said it was key to note that there was a decline of 6% in real(a) gross domestic product (GDP) between 1980 and 1990 and he referred to this as bad for the future of Nigeria.In 1994, the Central Bank of Nigeria reported that the money supply, peculiarly by focusing of de cit nancing in the economy, increased from 5 N 24. 3 million in 1980 to over 5 N 64. 9 million in 1990. T his led to tremendous increases in the prices of goods and services. The Nigerian currency was poorly devalued from the naira to US dollar ratio of 11 in 1985 to 851 in 1995. Neither individuals nor the educational institutions could cope with the rate of in? ation. Worse still, the federal government reduced its subvention to educational institutions.For example, bit student enrolment in the universities continued to increase, the government cost per student declined from 5 N 3085 in the 1980 1981 academic year to 5 N 3057 in the 1984 1985 academic year, in spite of rising be and in? ation in the economy (Akangbou, 1986). In 1994 1995, the government spent 5 N 5000 per university student, but the real value in terms of 1984 1985 buy power was only 5 N 500. The management of the education funding crisis has been very unsatisfactory.Basically, the strategy has been to pass the responsibility for nding extra funds from one tier of government to another, and to ask parents to pay fees where none were paid forwards or to pay more where government subsidies had formerly been provided. For example, the annual tuition fees in state-owned universities increased from an average of 5 N 1000 in 1990 to 5 N ccc0 in 1993 and then to 5 N 7000 in 1995 1996. At the secondary level, the tuition fees, even in states that had free secondary education in 1990, rose from an average of 5 N 300 in 1993 to over 5 N 600 in 1995 1996.To help pay primary school teachers salaries which were owed several months in arrears, the federal government complete the National autochthonic Education Commission by find No. 31 of 1988. This was by and by abolished by Decree No. 3 of 1991, but was re-established by another government by Decree No. 3 of 1994. Another strategy to address the education funding crisis was the merging of about federal universities. However, the succeeding government, for political reasons rather than to improve the sourcing of funds, demerged them in the late 1 980s and they exist today as separate universities.For their part, some institutional authorities embarked on the retrenchment of staff and a reduction in enrolments. These administrative decisions associated with poor funding created problems and shortages in the educational environment. Crisis in Facilities instruction The inadequacy of the infrastructural facilities to cope with the very rapid rate of expansion in student enrolment is a major source of crisis in the education system. There are two main reasons for this situation. The rst is a high fork over rate of 3. % per annum, thus providing a relatively young population, with 48% of the chalk up population down the stairs 15 years of age. The second reason is economic depression and in? ation which have made it dif cult to build new Crises in the Nigerian Education System 91 classrooms, maintain the sr. ones and buy new equipment. In 1985 1986, there were 12. 9 million pupils in the primary schools. The gure for 1993 1994 was 15. 87 million pupils. During this period, very few new classrooms were built to accommodate the extra 3 million pupils, hence there is a problem of overcrowded classroms today.It was the same story in the secondary schools in the period 1989 1994 as Table I shows. TABLE I. Classrooms and enrolments in Nigerian schools Primary schools bet onary schools Year Classrooms Enrolments Classrooms Enrolments 1989 1990 375,726 12,721,087 76,819 2,749,528 1991 1992 377,439 13,776,854 82,930 3,123. 277 1993 1994 447,859 15,870,280 104,693 4,032,083 Source Educational Data Bank, Federal Republic of Nigeria (1995). The crisis of the shortage of the infrastructure and facilities is felt everywhere and at all levels of the education system.The library facilities and books are grossly inadequate and so is the provision of classrooms, classroom furniture, laboratories and workshops. Hostels are not available in some institutions, including universities. Where some are provided, the rooms are crowded with students. Chuta (1995) observed that the hostel room shortage had become so acute that a black market racket had developed. In many institutions, buses for students have broken down beyond repair, while even electricity and good drinking peeing are not assured on a daily basis.To address the shortage of facilities, parents are often asked to provide chairs, desks and beds for their children in the primary and secondary schools. The government pay offed a World Bank loan to purchase books and instructional materials for use in the universities and for secondary schools the federal government secures equipment for vocational workshops under a bilateral totment with some East European countries such as Bulgaria. Unfortunately, some schools cannot install and use these because they lack the necessary electricity and/or water for their operation, as well as trained technicians to manage and maintain them.The objectives of the NPE cannot be attained in the absence of teaching and learning facilities. Indeed, the environment of the critical shortages of the infrastructure, facilities and services is a frustrating and crisis-generating one. Crisis of Indiscipline and Standards Critics from within and outside education are often locked in secure controversy over whether the standards in Nigerian education are rising or falling because they cannot agree on what the standards ought to be in the rst instance.However, Nwagwu (1990) argued that minimum standards in education should be perceived as yardsticks for responding positively to the challenges of relevance, need satisfaction, quality and excellence in the education system. Therefore, any system that fails to meet the population s expectations of providing the knowledge, skills, value and attitudes they require to solve individual and societal problems, has fallen below the pass judgment standards. This, in the view of Coombs (1968, p. ), implies subjecting the input into the education system, the programmes and processes and the education system s outcomes or products to critical analysis. In this paper, the standards in Nigerian education have been deliberately linked to the various acts of indiscipline that appear to be on the increase at all levels of the system. Three 92 C. C. Nwagwu major acts of indiscipline? admission rackets, examination of malpractices and secret cult activities? will be discussed. Admissions MalpracticesDue to the express mail vacancies and high demand for placement into secondary and tertiary institutions, there is an admissions crisis, which in turn has affected standards for two main reasons. Firstly, the quota system leads to the rejection of many excellent candidates and the admission of weak ones because of their place of origin and the connections they have with important personalities. For example, the Federal Ministry of Education reflection for admission into the federal secondary schools is as follows de table serviceness 15%, states quota 40%, environment (catchment regularise) 30% and exigency (discretion) 15%.The formula for admission into federal universities, polytechnics and colleges of education is merit 40%, states quota 30%, catchment zone 20% and discretion 10%. Secondly and arising from a down-grading of merit as a basis for admission, there is much racketeering during the exercise. Bribery, corruption and nepotism become agents that come across admission of weak candidates and, at times, even of the bright ones who have lost faith in merit, fair play and justice.As a result of this situation, mediocrity and economic power take precedence over academic standards. Examination Malpractices Related to the admissions crisis is the desperate need to obtain certi cates and, consequently, the stern crisis of examination malpractices. Chuta (1995) identi ed four main strategies for cheating in examinations by the statute names given to them in Nigeria by the students. (1) Life mercenary service by which an academically able person enters the hall and writes the examination for the real candidate. 2) Hall assistance whereby materials useful for answering the dubietys are brought into the hall with the tacit consent of the supervisors and invigilators. (3) Express service by which the real candidate sits in the hall while a hired person writes the examination outside and later smuggles the answer scripts into the hall. (4) Super express service whereby the candidate is given the question papers in advance the candidate writes the answers at home and then brings the scripts into the hall on the examination day.Alarmed by this development, the West African Examinations Council and other examination boards cancel thousands of students results every year and ban some schools from serving as examination centres. The students affected are expelled or suspended. The Nigerian disposal also directed that offenders should face special tribunals under the Miscellaneous Offences Decree to ensure speedy trials and stiff penalties. An important step in solution the problem is to examine the environment that has created the need for these vices and crises in the education system.A congruous analysis puts the blame on two main factors. One is the education system itself which puts so much emphasis on examinations. Worse still, the estimation of a student s performance is placed on just one examination either for admission to or for the award of a particular certi cate. Continuous assessment is still new in the system and it is not a part of the evaluation process for many examinations, such as the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Examination for entrance into the universities, polytechnics and colleges of education. Crises in the Nigerian Education System 93Another factor is that Nigerian society, as in many developing countries, places too much value on the possession of certi cates rather than on the acquisition of requisite knowledge and skills. Many students, therefore, supported by their parents and teachers, even resort to criminal activities (including membership of secret cults) to pass the public examinations which will secure these cherished certi cates and help obtain admission into higher institutions or employment. The bogus certi cates which many people carry about are, in essence, a manifestation of what Dore (1976, p. ) referred to as the quali cation escalation ratchet and the diploma disease . In Nigeria today, students refer to their educational certi cates as meal tickets . Their main preoccupation is with how to obtain the certi cate and not with how much knowledge and skill they have acquired from the teaching and learning experiences in their schools. Unfortunately, the educational environment has not fostered positive attitudes towards the acquisition of essential knowledge, values and skills as a condition for deserving an educational certi cate.With educational institutions very poorly funded and with great shortag es of quali ed teachers, instructional facilities and materials, very itty-bitty effective teaching and, hence, learning, takes place in the schools. Confronted by employers and a society that are so certi cate conscious and competitive entrance examinations into higher education institutions, the environment for admissions racketeering, examinations malpractices and membership of secret cults is properly set. Personnel Management ProblemsAfter independence, there was an unprecedented popular pressure to build more schools and to train more and better teachers. The government responded positively to this social demand for education without serious regard to a cost bene t analysis of the implications. Consequently, between 1960 and 1985, primary school enrolment increased ve times and secondary enrolment over 22 times, while higher education enrolment increased 84 times. As expected, there was also a tremendous increase in the number and quality of teachers.Part-time and sandwich i n-service programmes expanded between 1985 and 1995 and led to many professionally trained teachers with the National Certi cate in Education (NCE) and rst degrees in education. As a result of this positive development, salaries and allowances have also increased so much that some state and local governments can no protracted regularly meet their monthly obligations to teachers. With poor and sometimes unpaid teachers salaries and allowances, the environment has been created for frustration, indiscipline, a lack of commitment to duty and frequent strike action among teachers at all levels.Bereday (1969) remarked that Financing education is an under-developed and unimaginative enterprise (p. ix) and this is very true in Nigeria. Today there are overcrowded classrooms, overworked and underpaid teachers and double sessions particularly in urban areas, yet there are many unemployed people but well-trained professional teachers. Hardly a month passes without either a group of primary, secondary or higher education teachers being out on total strike action demanding improved conditions of service.This disrupts academic sessions, breeds ill-taught graduates and retards educational development in the country. The quality of all education systems re? ects the quality, dedication and motivation of its teachers. If teachers are well-supported by the government and society, they can use their commitment and teaching competence to help stem the crisis of student indiscipline and examination malpractices and to reduce the impact of the shortages of facilities and funds. 94 C. C. Nwagwu ConclusionThis analysis of the condition of education in Nigeria shows that unplanned and uncontrolled expansion of the system, inadequate funding, corruption and poor management are mainly responsible for the many types of crises there are today. The organisational mode is not conductive to serious teaching and learning. This is because over the decades, particularly under the military r egimes, Nigeria has pursued the policy of an unrestrained positive response to the social demand for education.Thus, within the education system germs of problems had a fertile environment in which to grow until they have become chronic diseases that now peril the very existence of the system. The Nigerian governing appear to have cut the important advice given by educators such as Dore (1976, p. 8) that the effect of instruction, the way it alters a person s capacity to behave and do things, depends not only on what is intentional, but also on how and why it is learned and the environment within which it is learned. There are a few general lessons to learn from the Nigerian experience.The rst is the need for developing countries to aspire to be governed by stable, popular, democratically elected governments which can develop long-term as well as short-term plans for the articulated development of the nation and the education system. armed services regimes are arguably incapab le of providing such leadership because the hand-picked military military junta does not have the training and experience nor the mandate, time and temperament to rent in this way. Secondly, good policies that are haphazardly implemented can create crises.For example, the quota system of admission came into being in Nigeria to meet the demands of the federal character provision enshrined in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This was designed to ensure an equitable representation of all parts of the country in all the federal institutions and the protection of minority and disadvantaged groups such as women. Unfortunately, the formula produced by the government of cials for the quota system neither ensures equity nor merit because of its speculative formulation and worse still, its poor, dishonest and undisciplined application.The Nigerian experience highlights the point that supervision of the effective implementation of education policies is thus as important a s their initial formulation. Thirdly, Nigerian experience suggests that the planning and management of the education system should be left to professional educators who arguably have the training, experience and, above all, the interest and commitment necessary to achieve the effective development of the system and the attainment of both short-term and long-term educational aims and objectives.Fourthly, schooling is not synonymous with education and political leaders should constantly be made aware of this. Therefore, a situation in which young people are stimulated to go to school but are then denied reasonable facilities and opportunities for effective teaching and learning experiences is likely to lead to a crisis, not only in the education system but also for society as a whole. In Nigeria today, there is a crisis of con dence in the ability of the education system to tackle the many serious problems confronting it.Nigeria is at a crossroads where she must develop the courage to ght problems which range from home to school and through society to government. The rst major step is a recognition that the environment that has generated and supported the identi ed crises in Nigerian education must be changed if an operational climate that will ensure effective teaching and learning is to be achieved. In the nal analysis, however, what is needed most are more stable education policies which are faithfully implemented, better planning and the management and utilisation of whatever material and human resources re available for developing and maintaining an effective and ef cient education system. Crises in the Nigerian Education System 95 REFERENCES AKANGBOU, S. D. (1986) Financing Nigerian Universities (Ibadan, University of Ibadan, Faculty of Education Lecture Series, No. 2). BEREDAY, G. Z. (1969) Essays on World Education the crises of supply and demand (New York, Oxford University Press). CENTRAL bank building OF NIGERIA (1994) Statistical Bulletin, 5(1). CHUTA, E. J. 1995) Money syndrome, paper presented at the 10th Congress of the Nigerian Academy of Education at Abuja (Abuja, November 9, 1995). COOMBS, P. H. (1968) The World Educational Crisis a systems analysis (London, Oxford University Press). COOMBS, P. H. (1970) What is Educational Planning? (Paris, UNESCO IIEP). DORE, R. (1976) The Diploma Disease education, quali cation and development (London, George Allen & Unwin). FAFUNWA, A. B. (1974) A History of Education in Nigeria (London, George Allen & Unwin). federal MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (1990) Statistics of Education in Nigeria 1985 1989 (Lagos, Government Printer). federal MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (1995) Educational Data Bank (Lagos, Federal Ministry of Education). FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA (1981) The National Policy on Education (Lagos, Government Printer). FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA (1995) Educational Data Bank Statistics (Lagos, Federal Ministry of Education). MACKINNON, F. (1960) The Politics of Education (Toronto, Univer sity of Toronto Press).NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES COMMISSION (1993) NUC Statistical Digest 1988 1992 (Lagos, NUC). NWAGWU, N. A. (1990) The Concept of Minimum Standards in Education. Second Nathan Ejiogu Memorial Lecture, Nsukka, University of Nigeria. OCHO, L. O. (1995) A history of the crisis in the Nigerian education system, in O. ANIMBA, P. OMOLUABI & O. ANOWOR (Eds) The Nigerian Education System in Crisis, pp. 55 63 (Enugu, stupefying Grace Publishers). SOFOLAHAN, J. S. (1991) Chairman s Report to the National Policy on Education Implementation Committee (Lagos, Federal Ministry of Education).

Experiment to Investigate the Validation of Bernoulli’s Equation

TITLE Bernoullis Principle OBJECTIVE try outis maketo check outthevalidationofthe Bernoullisequation and also to measure draw distribution along venture furnish. INTRODUCTION This test is carried out to investigate the validity ofBernoullis theorem when applied to the steady flow of water supply in tapered duct and to measure the flow points and both still and total crush heads in a rigid convergent/ divergent tube of known geometry for a range ofsteady flow rates.The Bernoullis theorem (Bernoullis theorem, 2011) relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity of which ar negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. In order to demonstrate the Bernoullis theorem Bernoullis Apparatus Test Equipment issued in this experiment. THEORY Velocity of fluid is less fluid The fluid is incompressible and non- viscous There is no heat energy transferred across the boundaries of the subway to the fluid as either a heat gain or loss. There are no pumps in the section of pipe For an nonpareil fluid flow the energy density is the same at each(prenominal) locations along the pipe. This is the same as saying that the energy of a unit of measurement mass of the fluid does not change as it flow by the pipe system. APPARATUS EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1, A inspection was through with(p) to ensure that the unit was in proper operating condition, so that the experiment will not consist of errors. 2, A hose had to be affiliated to the nearest power supply. 3, The discharged pipe was then undetermined. , The cap pull together of the probe compression gland was set to such condition, that the slight subway could be felt on moving the probe, and the water flow created a sound which also helps to determine the flow pressure (by hearing it ). 5, The gate and outlet valve was then opened. 6, Then the pump was switched on and the main slam was released slowly opened. 7, The vent valve on water p ressure veiling was opened and outlet cock was closed with great care until pressure gauze was flushed. , By simultaneously setting the inlet and outlet cock, the water direct pressure gauze was regulated, so that neither upper or the impose range limit was overshot or undershot. 9, Pressure at alone point were measured and recorded. The over every last(predicate) pressure probe was moved to interchangeable measurement level and the overall pressure was noted down. 10, The volumetric pressure flow was determined, by using stopwatch to established time needed to raise the water level in the volumetric tank from 3to 7 liters. RESULTS FLOW RATES (L/s) FLOW VELOCITY AT DIFFERENT bar POINTS (10-3 m/s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 0. 137 2. 16 3. 45 8. 0 5. 91 2. 98 2. 16 0. 122 I. 93 3. 07 7. 92 5. 26 2. 65 1. 93 0. 094 1. 48 2. 37 6. 10 4. 05 2. 04 1. 48 0. 114 1. 80 2. 87 7. 40 4. 91 2. 48 1. 80 0. 116 1. 83 2. 92 7. 53 5. 00 2. 52 1. 83 VOLUME(L) TIME(s) FLOW RATES(L/s) 3 21. 90 0. 137 4 32. 7 8 0. 122 5 53. 19 0. 094 6 52. 85 0. 114 7 101. 50 0. 116 POINT (I) Di(mm) A(10-4 m2) 1 284 633 2 225 397 3 one hundred forty 154 4 172 232 5 242 460 6 284 633 GRAPH DISCUSSION it is known that water is a fluid and all fluids have the properties to take shape of the container or wherever they are stored or flow through.Since the fluid cosses through a given path for duration of time there have to be a pressure lose due to the path design or distance or width. Bernoullis principle states that if the rate of flow of the fluid is high the pressure will be low and if the slower rate of flow the fluid exerts more quickly (with pressure). CONCLUSION From the experiment it is make that the difference between the experimental and the calculated value are to high, this could take a chance due to such factors 1, the reading was not taken accurately or either not taken to the very decimal point or perhaps parallel eye reading. , Bubbles those were trapped on the top of the tube and could no t have been released or seen. 3, The recording the data time baron not be accurate. 4, The internal resistance of the water , those were not taken into account during the calculation. 5, The pressure at each manometer tube might not be stable before reading was taken due to in accurate air flow or pressure flow. All the factors mentioned higher up could play a great role in effecting the results. There are many ways to improve reading one way ass be repeating the experiment multiple times and get the average.Considering all factors and the comparison between data collected via multiple values the experiment is successful, and it proves Bernoullis principle of fluid motion pressure. REFERENCES 1, http//camillasenior. homestead. com/Activities_Showing_Bernoulli_s_Principle. pdf 2, http//hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/pber. html 3, http//www. princeton. edu/asmits/Bicycle_web/Bernoulli. html 4, http//mitchellscience. com/bernoulli_principle_animation 5, http//www. scribd. co m/ physician/68038037/Experiment-Bernoulli

Children Obesity Essay

The task of baby birdhood obesity in the United States has heavy(p) considerably in recent years. Between 16 and 33 pct of children and adolescents be pear-shaped.From Environ psychical wellness Perspectives website, the recent data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey guess 17% of youths ages 2-19 years centenarian to be leaden compargon to just 5% a fewer decades ago(Child obesity). This data shows we should act urgently to rescue children be private road the th takerical role of child obesity is increasing rapidly.According to Answer.com website, using the BMI (Body Mass Index) calculation, overweight is amongst 25-30, heavy is 30-40 and extremely obese is 40 and up. This calculation is a flush and weight comparison (BMI = weight in pounds X 705 / height in inches squared). By using tree trunk fat analysis, for a womans obesity starts astir(predicate) 33% body fat, for a man, it is about 24%(How do you turn out it away).Weight and shape of chil dren are affected by hereditary factors from their parents.However, nearly of ingrown weight gain is due to poor diet. Children who have obesity have bad habits for example, they prefer to eat fast food such as hamburgers with french fries and coke than wellnessy food such as vegetable and multi-grains. Fast food is very tempting to children and theirparents because of its cheap price, taste, and convenience. The modestness children like hamburgers is mellowed levels of saltiness and colewort content found in most fast food items. So far, unhealthy food leads children to plough obese which causes various health problems. Overweight children, when compared to healthy weight children, are more believably to develop many health problems such as clinical notion, diabetes, senior elevated cholesterol and high smear pressure, which are associated with punk complaint in adults. Thepurpose of this paper is to reviewhow children obesity effects on material and mental health. First, children obesity and overweight have been found to be at an increase risk of exposure of depression. cogent children get stress from form of their body shape, perspectives from some(a) other peoples awareness that leads to poor self-esteem or genial phobia which are colligate to the cause of depression. , spom4237236The following article, childishness corpulency and Depression Connection Between These maturation Problems in Growing Children, shows how depression is diagnosed in youths. Youthbecome depress if they gain weight more than they expected. Also, obesity and overweight are connected to sleep problem which is associated with increased risk of depression. In study of 400 adolescents with a primary diagnosis of major depressive trouble oneself, change in sleep was most common symptom remaining depression in youths. Relationship between sleep and obesity is intervened at least in part by insulin resistance.In a study of obese children, insulin was connected with shorter sleep duration according to thepolysomnography (Reeves M. G., Postolache T. T., Snitker S.).In addition, that child obesity cause depression is obesity take a shits children a target for bullying. According to Medscape Medical News, Obese children are more believably to be bullied than their non-obese peers regardless of sex, race, socioeconomic status, complaisant skills, or academic achievement (Harrison).Because childhood and adolescent are a sensitive period, and they focus on others appearance, obese children arsehole be targeted of bullying that makes them get hurt and depress. To prevent the depression, children need to eat health food and exercise. In addition to obesity causes depression, the second health problem is obesity causes diabetes.The dietary habits of obese children are eating a lot of dent and salt which are excessive caloric intake. existence obese means you have more roly-poly pudding tissue, having more fatty tissue causes the body to beco me insulin resistant and becoming insulin resistant causes the body to put on more weight. Becoming more insulin resistant and at a certain level of resistance, it becomes jazzn as diabetes. Obese children in addition are twice as likely to have diabetes than children who are of everyday weight, according to a new study from the University of Michigan Health System. The study, produce in the February issue of Diabetes Care, is the most recent national study to estimate the prevalence of children with diabetes. It found that more than 229,000 children, approximately 3.2 cases for every 1,000 Ameri fucking children on a lower floor the age of 18, currently have diabetes.And one-third of those children are obese(Obese Children twice). obesity causes the build-up of fats around cell w alls. The liver loses the ability for the metabolism of glucose. Glucose is supplied with the attention of the insulin hormone. In essence, obesity reduces the bodys ability to use insulin properly. A glucose build up is deposited in the urine.In addition, diabetes is explained from Washington University in St. Louis website. Diabetes mellitus is a congregation of disorders that have in common high blood sugar and the risk of damage to tissues and organs. There are two major types grammatical case1, juvenile diabetes and Type 2, adult-onset diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes, the cells of the pancreas that make insulin are destroyed. Often, the bodys immune system destroys these cells, sort of like friendly fire. Without insulin, blood sugar rises and complications occur.Lifelong insulin treatment is required. In Type 2 diabetes, organs and tissues are resistant to insulin that is, more insulin is needed to have the same effect. When the insulin-making cells pile no longer keep up with the extra insulin needed, blood sugar becomes high and diabetes occurs (Obesity, Type 2 diabetes). Overall, children should avoid eatingso much(prenominal)unhealthy food that contain of high sugar, salt and fat that causes diabetesto continue into adulthood. In addition to obesity causes diabetes, the third health problem is obese puts children at risk for high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure that cause heart disease. Childrens diets have changed dramaticallybecause it is influenced by television commercials and the convenience of fast foods that have too much sugar and salt that leads high cholesterol level.In cholesterol in Childhood by Vincent Iannelli, M.D., the author reported The effects of cardiovascular disease is something that impart especially be a problem once an overweight child grows up, when he will be at risk for a heart attack or stroke.Also, the article exposes children who have heart disease with high cholesterol was 2.3 times as likely to have died early. These factsgive a ideal to how obesity is related to serious health problem to children. The connection between high cholesterol and high blood pressure was explained on Livestrong.com websi te, Cholesterol is a soft waxy material in the blood that mixes with lipids. It shapes membranes and some hormones but does not dissolve in the blood. Since it does not dissolve, lipoproteins carry it to and from cells. inception pressure is the force that pushes blood through blood vessels, then to all body organs.When these two functions of the body are not working correctly, it can be devastating to overall health.(Connections Between).According to Webmd.com website, when there is too much cholesterol in blood, it builds up in the walls of arteries, causing a litigate called atherosclerosis, a form of heart disease. The arteries become narrowed and blood black market to the heart muscle is slowed down or blocked. The blood carries oxygen to the heart, and if adequacy blood and oxygen cannot reach the heart, it may cause chest distress ( essence disease).Because ofhigh cholesterol, high blood pressure that are related to the heart disease, obese children need dietary changes and weight loss to jock lower their cholesterol.In conclusion, children obesity is an increasingly prevalent health disorder and is of particularly concern because children who are obese are more likely to continue to become obese through adolescence and into adulthood with various health problems. Eating unhealthy food and lack of exercise lead to most of child obesity and overweight. Obesity can cause mental and physical problemsinchildren. According to Child obesity time bomb a little terror to life expectancy, Food Standards Agency chairman, John Krebs, told We already retire that many childrens diets contain more fat, sugar and salt than is recommended.We know that the level of obesity in children is rising and, in the words of the chief(prenominal) medical officer, is a health time bomb that could explode. (Carey). Also, children obesity can be targeted of bullying and give rise to diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart diseases. Also, child obesity has high probability to become an obese adult. Therefore, we need to accept the children obesity as a serious problem in current society in the United States and seek the solutionsto make children free from obesity and being overweight.Works CitedBrown, Joni.Connections Between High line of business Pressure & Cholesterol. livestrong.com, 17 Dec. 2010 Web. 22 may 2012Carey, Dorothy. Child Obesity Time Bomb A Threat To Life Expectancy. Nutridate 15.1 (2004) 8. Web. 22 may 2012.Harrison, Pam. Obesity Makes Children a Target for Bullying. Medscape Medical News. 4May 2010. Web. 22May 2012.Heart Disease and Lowering cholesterol.Webmd.com,Web. 22 May 2012 Iannelli,Vincent. Cholesterol in Childhood.About.com, 13November 2011 Web. 22 May 2012Obese Children Twice as likely to have Diabetes. University of Michigan, 2 Feb. 2006.Web. 22 May 2012Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Growing rapidly among Children. Washington University in St. Louis., 11 March 2005. Web. 22 May 2012Reeves, Gloria M., Teodor T .Postolache., and Soren Snitker. Childhood Obesity and Depression Connection between these Growing Problems in Growing Children. NIH Public Access. Aug. 2008. Web. 22 May 2012

Marketing Research- Starbucks vs. Coffee Beans Essay

Market segmentation is topical anestheticised as the bidding of dividing a market into distinct subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics and selecting integrity or more segments to orchestrate with a distinct market mixing (Schiffman, Bednall, Cowley, OCass, Watson and Kanuk, 2001). Different companies have antithetic abilities that enable them to serve their target market better, which is why some companies choose to focus much of their precaution to specific segments. Starbucks primarily chooses to focus on the demographics, psychographics and lifestyle of their customers. It is with the learning self-possessed regarding these segments that Starbucks can better serve its customers.Demographics argon things such as age, sex, marital status, education, occupation and income. Starbucks targets two males and females, mainly 18-30 year olds, but really does ply for all(prenominal)bodys needs. And because young children dont usually drinking coffee, Sta rbucks offers a range of non-coffee beverages to cater for the whole family. Hanging out in Starbucks gives the photo of being very with it and roughly of the people you expect sitting in the stores exude a certain coolness and give off the examine of having some sort of social status, with lots of money to spare. Starbucks customers are mainly in their final years of high school, in university or meet starting to work. But whatever it is, they all have had a sincere education, and if they do have a job, it almost certainly includes a sizable income as sound.Demographics help to locate a target market and this information is often the most accessible and cost trenchant panache to make out a target market (Schiffman et al, 2001). Even though factors such as personality and behaviour are often first used to define a market segment, the consumers demographic characteristics must be cognize in order to assess the size of the target market and to feed it efficiently (Schiffm an et al, 2001).Psychographics are based on the consumers activities, interests and opinions, so its basically how they spend their time, what their preferences and priorities are and how they feel about events and issues. Psychographic explore is most related to psychological research, andespecially when it comes to personality and attitude measurement. This form of use consumer research has proved to be a valuable marketing spear that helps identify consumer segments that are likely to be responsive to specific marketing messages (Schiffman et al, 2001).Starbucks is very heavily involved in charity and the arts, and is making hearty efforts to be a socially and surroundingsally responsible company. For example, Starbucks actively participates in AIDS clears, and for every city that has a store, Starbucks sets up at to the lowest degree one shelter for the underprivileged children and donates money as well. By dynamic in various different positive causes and events, Starbuck s gains a lot of gilded exposure. Starbucks has sponsored the Special Olympics, the hip Lilith Fair music festival, the Chicago Jazz Festival, the global Film Festival in Washington DC and the Museum of Contemporary ruse in LA.Just by looking at these examples, we can see that Starbucks aims to target and r individually people who are generous and charitable, as well as people who like to have fun and enjoy the seminal and entertaining side of life. Starbucks also has a strong commitment to the environment and the companys policy to recycle and conserve wherever realistic is exemplified by the 10% discount it provides to customers who reduce waste by exploitation their own mugs or refillable coffee bags. Starbucks offers these discounts to help stimulate environmental debt instrument amongst its customers. As Starbucks grows and reaches new markets, the company has made a commitment to go by to be a strong supporter of non-profit organisations and events in all communities.C onsumer research has found evidence that within each of the social classes there is a constellation of specific lifestyle factors (shared beliefs, attitudes, activities and behaviours) that tend to distinguish the members of each class from the members of each class from the members of all some other social classes (Schiffman et al, 2001).Starbucks sells a lifestyle, to both customers and employees, and has followed the successful examples of other big corporations such as Coke, Nike and Sony by linking its sucker with all things cool and in. Starbucks has created a style and ambience that has infused a certain newchic and appeal into coffee, an age-old beverage, making it the hippest drink of today.Starbucks chooses to associate itself with all things bustling, active and vigourous. That is why locations of all the stores are cautiously selected for convenience and Starbucks specifically targets places that are heavy with pedestrian street traffic. nearly of the places that you would find a Starbucks, either in the form of a rangy store or a just a small booth (both ideal for just popping in for a quick canvass away coffee or for a nice lighten eat break) would be at shopping centres, airport terminals and supermarket foyers, which are all places that are always hectic and filled to the brim with people who have supple lifestyles and are always on the go.Starbucks competes directly against forcefulness coffees sold at retail through supermarkets, specialty retails, and a growing number of other specialty coffee stores. In addition, Starbucks competes for whole bean coffee sales with franchise operators and independent specialty coffee stores. In virtually every major metropolitan area were Starbucks operates and expects to expand there are local or regional competitors with substantial market presence in the specialty coffee business. But Starbucks biggest competitor in the coffee industry is the java bonce. burnt umber Bean was started by Herbe rt B. Hyman in 1963 in California and became the pioneers in retailing whole bean coffee and loose tea leaves. hot chocolate Bean are the oldest importers, roasters and multi retailers of specialty coffee and tea in the fall in States. Like Starbucks, umber Bean offers a diverse range of original coffee, ice blends and roast styles as well as four varieties of routine brews including steped pre-ground coffee. A nonher similarity with Starbucks is that Coffee Bean also has a walloping offering of food and beverages that appeal to all age groups from all walks of life.In terms of needs, motivation and personality, Coffee Bean is all about twist meaningful and respectful relationships with customers by finding or concocting a flavour for them. Coffee Bean will also toast your bagels, heat your pastries and individualize and custom make the drink or blend justthe way you would like it. With perception, Coffee Bean is a big believer in teamwork (just like Starbucks) as they feel that success is achieved by working together. Coffee Bean staff are friendly, and maintain amicable relationships between customers and each other. The employees have respect for each others values, opinions and individual personalities and are honest and truthful to themselves and each other.Another similarity with Starbucks is that Coffee Bean is actively involved with helping communities and make it their mission to develop the most complete community based programs around. As well as donating move over baskets, gift certificates, coupons, coffees and teas, Coffee Bean will gladly consider a donation to any organisation for various charitable events that directly benefit local community programs and local schools.Due to the phenomenal growth of the global coffee market, Coffee Bean has decided to solely concentrate on international franchises at the moment. Unlike Starbucks, who have a target bay window market being the United States, most of the Coffee Bean outlets are in Asi a (Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Taiwan etc.) and the Middle East (Israel, United Arab Emirates, Dubai etc.)Unlike Coffee Bean, Starbucks does not personalise their coffees or have different products to suit different countries tastes. Coffee Bean offers more food meals (pastas, soups,) and not only light meals (sandwiches, pastries, desserts) like Starbucks. Starbucks allows other distributors to sell its coffee, but Coffee Bean does not and Starbucks is affiliated with things such as the Herald Sun Newspaper and percolate Music. And the main advantage that Starbucks has over Coffee Bean is its effective use of celebrity appeal, which is a form of reference group

British Imperialism Essay

Analyze the ways in which British majestic policies between 1763 and 1776 intensified compounds resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values.Colonial exploration in the mid to late 1700s led to disagreeable times for some countries. Great Britain was one of them. Their American colonies caused them much sorrow as they tried to squander over their society. The British imperial policies towards its colonies make resistance higher to British rule and their commitment to republican values. The British imperial polices were too strict and caused difficulties within American colonies.The British caused more(prenominal) than enough problems with their colonies to start a controversy. They used mercantilism to try and mete out permanent control over the colonies. The colonies were to only buy from the British and convey to the British. They also wanted to regulate their imports and exports perfectly so they would import little than exporting to make them look like a high economic eithery successful country. Which they were, but they fixed it to make them look like the power of Europe. Another idea they imposed onto the Americans was the dreaded Stamp Act. The colonies didnt take the do work well. They were forced to use stamps on every piece of reputation they would use. They also had to buy these stamps from the British only. The taxes were steep and on unnecessary items to the intimacy of the colonies. The colonials knew that these twists were unfair and cruel. They didnt know how to handle it at the time. Another act that was out of line was the Townshend tea tax. The colonies became addicted to tea due to the caffeine. It was passing valuable to them. The British so put a lump midpoint tax on the tea that was being imported to the Americas. The colonies didnt study why the British needed so much money. The British then went over the line with the Boston Port Act. This act basically took out-of-door all of the colonials right s. The colonists called the act, the Intolerable Act, because the British went too far. To top off the colonial anger, the British enforced a new act called the Quartering Act. The act stated that any colonial was to take in British soldiers into their house, execute them and give them quartering. However, thecolonies then began to retaliate against the British.The colonies knew the British had gone too far. The offset act they took was known as the Boston Tea Party. On celestial latitude 16, 1773, Bostonians dressed up as Indians and boarded docked ships, smashed up 342 cases of tea and dumped it all into the Atlantic Ocean. The British then put the Intolerable Act on the colonists. That only gave them another reason to fight back up. The unity of the colonists at last make after the Intolerable Act. Flags were flew half-mast throughout all the colonies and food was move to Boston all the way from South Carolina. The colonies then formed the Continental Congress, uniting all but Georgia participating. Fifty-five delegates were represented in the meeting to talk about what they had to do. The First Continental Congress met for septet weeks where they produced the Declaration of Rights. Parliament rejected all petitions made by the Congress. The British didnt want this to go on any longer. They sent promenade into Lexington and Concord where the terrorized the American defense, which was weak and unorganized. The British started a war. The people that were back in Great Britain were rooting for the Americans to gain independence so possibly the British would then realize what they were doing to their own country. The British ruined their colonies and themselves also.The colonies finally were able to break the seal to the road to independence. They knew that the British werent trial their country very well. They wanted change and unheard of things to happen. The events that happened during the imperial policies of the British turned into a revolution, where the Americans eventually gained their freedom. The British were finally defeated for the start time. If the British never were so harsh to the colonies, the colonies wouldnt ever rent a reason to be resistant to British rule and at that place would be no independence. Colonialism was a stressful time indeed, but a huge mark on history.

Challenges Associated with High Fixed Costs †Airlines Essay

What be the challenges associated with managing in a business with spicy indomitable addresss wish airways? To understand the challenges firms face with regard to high fixed be we must(prenominal) first have a basic understanding. A fixed cost is a r breakine cost the company incurs despite production, and changes in volume. It is a cost that must be paid routinely, but the amount of the spending may vary. Firms with high fixed cost must have spot understanding of what fixed costs exist that will be incurred, and how such(prenominal) revenue they need to generate in order to cover those costs and remain profitable. Companies operate in the airline industry face some(prenominal) opportunities in managing and developing strategies that take into account the following challenges rivalry, high-fixed costs, low capacity, and bell contestation. The high fixed costs faced by airline companies atomic number 18 the costs of planes, fuel, pilots, flight attendants, and additio nal staff for baggage and customer service.The airline industry is fiercely competitive and the ability to manage these costs and set up revenue is what makes a firm successful. In a growing commercialise the amount of entries and competitive offers can hinder the ability to remain viably profitable. In short, companies that operate with a high fixed cost business model, curiously companies that operate in cyclical end markets, get hit the hardest when on that point is a cyclical downturn or a push out of an expected spending pattern. (Alcatel-Lucent Turnaround or takeover? (2012). When the industry struggles, competition to meet revenue goals increase, and airline firms tend to either encounter square unexpected expenses to keep up or get caught in a price war situation.As far as competition in the airline industry, labor is a fixed-cost that can significantly impact a firm. With the level of competition in the aviation industry, and the amount of firms competing, it can be c hallenging to retain the skilled pilots, staff, and customer service employees. Pricing system is a challenge as well, in that, in order to be the most productive firm and belittle the effect of these high fixed-costs, airlines must maintain just enough equipment and enough route offerings to meet demand, and therefrom remain profitable.The difficulties experienced by high-fixed costs according to Paul McWilliams, companies with high fixed costs models have inherently low cost tractableness and are, therefore, very sensitive to fluctuations inrevenue. (Alcatel-Lucent Turnaround or takeover?) High-fixed costs allow the ability to produce high profit if the company runs at a high productivity and is in a growing market. If a company cannot produce revenue, it will detrimentally impact the firms ability to remain profitable. To sum up the challenges in terms operating in the airline industry, James Joyner says, Weve had commercial aviation for nearly a century now and nobody has ma naged to make a sustained go of it yet.As the business starts to look profitable, well inevitably see more entrants into the competition, madcap down price, and demands from labor for their fair share, driving up costs. Therefore, the ability to minimize the challenges faced in operating with high-fixed costs comes down to awareness of the fixed costs, the ability to remain competitive while operating in volatile industry, and a firms ability to generate revenue.Works CitedMcWilliams, Paul. (2012). Alcatel-Lucent Turnaround or takeover? Retrieved from http//money.msn.com/top-stocks/post.aspx?post=4bab7644-01a6-4b4e-b636-443995abad2bJoyner, James. Publisher, Airlines Make Profit Outside the Beltway Retrieved from http//www.outsidethebeltway.com/airlines-make-profit/

Nike Incorporation

Nike is a universe of discourse conformation participation that manufactures and securities industrys a extensive large of sports equipments such as sports, balls, t-shirts, tracks, analogouss for variant sporting activities such as football, basketball, athletics, cricket, tennis and golf. The friendship was in incorporated in the year 1968 in the state of Oregon, it main business sector organismness to design and manufacture the best foot wear and other retainer products. But, Nike has grown to be a world segmentation community that sells headspring branded and expensive products that be well up known for their mellow grapheme. Nike brandmark of just do it is well known, and it relates to the sporting spirit. The smart set has more than five hundred plants in more than 45 countries.1Nike did not experience much contender until in 1980s and 90s when Reebok and European counterparts Adidas and Puma entered the market. But Reebok was purchased by Adidas in 2006 thus Adidas is the one giving Nike competition. Nike has been the main player on the footgear market until then, the troupe controlled about 30% of the United States market, Reebok enjoyed about 20% followed by other companies like Adidas and Puma. Nikes abroad gross revenue went up to $2 billion by 1995 and were leading(p) by having 40% of total sales in footwear. 2The selling strategy of Nike has been the biggest success of the comp some(prenominal). Nike has premium brands, and offers the market high quality and expensive products. The company creates a brand image which is achieved by the unique logo of a (tick) and a slogan of just do it which attracts lots of customers. The company too does promotional activities of its products by entering into sponsorship deals with world class football stars, celebrity athletes, national teams, and also college athletic.Nevertheless Nike has complicated it marketing strategies and has more elements more than promotion. This other elemen ts are competitive price, wide range of products, numerous outlets and retailers (more than 20,000), sponsorship and promotion activities. Currently, Nike has a market share of around 37% in the world. The main objective of Nike is to be bewilder a leading sport equipment manufacturer in the world and maintain these standards in future.The study client base is the youth and the young adults who mainly buy the sports products from the company. The company has put a lot of attention on products for men, women, and children, and their childrens berth are now doing very well on the market currently. The company has created more market by venturing into heterogeneous market segments and manufacturing more various products. To achieve its objective of being the leader in market business the company is exploiting saucily markets outside Europe.Nike has also managed to control its market by acquiring other small companies and turning them to manufacture their products. Like in 1998 its purchased Cole Hann which was making informal dress and shoes for $ clxxx and cached a base of young people and their sales went up at 23% making a profit of $ 100 millions in 1998. Nike has go along to improve in its brand and marketing and its objective of being the great sports and fitness company in the world alongside world class companies like Coca-Cola.Nike gets contracts with individual clients, cooperate clients and even countries and states. The company supplies to them different products, they mint be football uniform for a national team, tracksuits for national athletic teams or even tailor made shoes or uniform for specific football stars such as Ranaldhno of Brazil. 3The market is divided in various segments which can be viewed according to the regionThere get under ones skin been many challenges faced by Nike on the marketing side and Nike has through a lot of to recapture the market. These initiatives that Nike undertook was such as creating an ACG (all- conditi ons gear) unit and Techlab which was meant to market a brand of sports technology products. Such like digital auditory sensation player and waist compass these projects were meant to capture sales. In the beginning of 1999 Nike launched its products on the internet and they were directly available to the customers. Nike has continued to expand its market and with a strong marketing team lead by Mr. Perez who has vast experience, the company in 2004, posted profits of more than $1 billion. 4The company has a high team of human resources managers who are responsible for building a workforce which is effective and efficient. This managers build teams develop the necessary talents that are soberly needed by the organic law to perform their duties. The managers also inspire, mentor, set examples, enclose and revolutionize all the employees in order to achieve the best from them. The employees also attend refresher courses seminars and sort outing to keep them in touch with peeled m arket trends and technological advancements.In general the world attitude towards the company is good, but the people of Beaverton where the company feel that it should be annexed fro where its headquarters are in Oregon State. But the company feels that the annexing will cost it $700,000 all(prenominal) year in terms of added taxes.The company objective is achieved through halal marketing and advancement in technology by creating high quality products and designing better management approaches to maintain the market. Another aspect the company has done is to create better working conditions and customer relationships as from 2002 Nike turn to the issues of employees exploitations and carried out random company inspections to check the working conditions of its employment. 5 Nike has training programmers to train its employees and advance them with the current market needs.Another thing that the company is employment in is to improve its company image by getting conglomerate i n corporate loving responsibilities. The company thus contributions to charities organizations and also organizes social activities for the society, and sponsors individuals and persons. This has greatly improved its image. Nike is also one of the most environmental tender companies. And this has a very positive image in the eyes of the public which has become much environmental aware.ConclusionNike is a big organization that commands a large market in the world. It is apparent that to maintains such a market by investing a lot in marketing and research so that it can satisfy its customers and keep up with new trends on the market. Better management skills and quality products are the main fixings for success for any company.Many obstacles in marketing and management come up to challenge the company including stiff competition. But it is clear that with well and timely adjustments in marketing and advancement in technology and being to be innovative the company has managed to capt ure and maintain its markets. Therefore for any company to remain profitable and impressive its must embrace discreet management and better technology.ReferencesCollingwood, H. (1988) Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread argument Week, October 3, p. 42.Holmes, S. and Christine, T. (2002) How Nike Got Its gritty Back championship Week, November 4, pp. 129-31.Jenkins, H. W. (1998) The progress and Stumble of Nike Wall Street Journal, June 3,1 Jenkins, H. W. (1998) The Rise and Stumble of Nike Wall Street Journal, June 3, 2 Collingwood, H. (1988) Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread Business Week, October 3, p. 42. 3 Collingwood, H. (1988) Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread Business Week, October 3, p. 42. 4 Holmes, S. and Christine, T. (2002) How Nike Got Its Game Back Business Week, November 4, pp. 129-31. 5 Collingwood, H. (1988) Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread Business Week, October 3, p. 42.

Management Accounting and Management Decisions

precaution Accounting, Cdn. 6e (Horngren/Sundem/Stratton/Beaulieu) Chapter 1 anxiety Accounting and attention Decisions 1) Both internal managers and impertinent parties use invoice reading. coiffe TRUE Diff 2 sign TF sc tout ensembleywag referee 16 object glass 8 2) Internal write up reports essential fol imprint world-widely accepted story principles and account for as limits at historic cost. practise ill-judged Diff 2 subject TF summon reader 16 documental 8 3) Organizations that do not make or shop tangible goods atomic number 18 called utility organizations. make TRUE Diff 1 vitrine TF rascal reviewer 7 butt 3 4) The cost-benefit balance is the particular consideration in choosing among story remainss and methods. per make up TRUE Diff 1 part TF rascal reader 2 nonsubjective 3 5) Planning refers to setting objectives, implementing envisions, and evaluating objectives. assist FALSE Diff 1 grammatical case TF paginate reviewer 3 target ara 2 6) A budget is a quantitative expression of a plan of implement. respond TRUE Diff 1 typesetters case TF scalawag reader 2 neutral 3 7) Management by riddance involves a slender analysis of all deviations from planned implementation regardless of the amount. dissolving agent FALSE Diff 1 fictional character TF page reviewer 2 bearing 3 8) gross revenue growth occurs in the mature securities industry confront of everyplacelap vitality cycle. react FALSE Diff 1 token TF rascal ref 9 neutral 4 9) absorb authority is authority exerted downward over subordinates. dish TRUE Diff 1 caseful TF foliate ref 12 intent 5 10) Line departments support or service mental faculty departments. help FALSE Diff 1 image TF scallywag Ref 12 accusatory 5 11) agree to the fiscal Executives Institute, the controllers function is to obtain some(prenominal) short-term and long-term loans. repartee FALSE Diff 1 symbol TF paginate Ref 14 12) The CMA program focuses o n focussing accounting and its share in Canadian business. Answer TRUE Diff 1 pillow slip TF rapscallion Ref 16 neutral 8 13) The factors causing changes in management accounting today include increased global competition, technological advances and increased exertion by Canadian companies. Answer FALSE Diff 1 case TF varlet Ref 16 Objective 8 14) The essence of the just-in- time philosophy is to conk waste. Answer TRUE Diff 1 flake TF page Ref 16 Objective 8 5) The community of Management Accountants of Canada (SMAC) has developed standards of honest take on for management accountants, which include standards of competence, confidentiality, integrity and objectivity. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Type TF Page Ref 20 Objective 9 16) A vista of managers selected which of the undermentioned business areas as the most common starting-point for future managers? A) Accounting. B) Finance. C) court-ordered environment of business. D) Computers in business. Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Pag e Ref 2 Objective 1 17) Management accounting refers to accounting instruction developed for A) shareholders.B) governmental authorities. C) managers within an organization. D) loan officers. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 18) ________ is a formal mechanism for profiting, organizing, and communicating study about an organizations activities. A) An accounting dodge B) Scorekeeping C) Management accounting D) circumspection direct Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 19) ________ refers to accounting information developed for users within an organization. A) An accounting system B) Scorekeeping C) Management accountingD) monetary accounting Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 20) ________ is the accumulation and classification of data. A) An accounting system B) Scorekeeping C) Management accounting D) Attention tell Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 21) ________ means report and interpreting information that helps managers to focus on operating problems, imperfections, inefficiencies, and opportunities. A) Scorekeeping B) Attention directing C) Problem-solving D) None of the above Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 2) ________ is the aspect of accounting that quantifies the likely final results of possible courses of action and often recommends the best course to follow. A) Scorekeeping B) Attention directing C) Problem-solving D) None of the above Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 23) The codes of stick a bun in the oven for integrity include all of the following EXCEPT A) avoiding existent or apparent conflicts of touch on. B) refusing to advise or assist with the commission of fraud. C) recognizing and communicating nonrecreational limitations. D) communicating information subjectively. Answer DDiff 1 Type MC Page Ref 20 Objective 9 24) A clerk prepares a monthly report comparing the actual phone bill with the evaluate phone costs. This activity would be classified as A) problem-solving. B) scorekeeping. C) cookery. D) attention directing. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 25) Broad guide tonal patterns and detailed practices that in concert make up accepted accounting practice at a given time are referred to as A) GAAS. B) accounting conventions. C) GAAP. D) Revenue Canada regulations. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 26) Service organizationsA) sell tangible goods. B) are not wholesalers. C) are considered manufacturers. D) essential be profit-seeking. Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 7 Objective 3 27) A characteristic of service organizations is that A) labour is intensive. B) output is easy to define. C) major inputs and outputs can be stored. D) imbed and equipment costs are high in proportion to labour costs. Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 7 Objective 3 28) The watchword for the installation of systems in service industries and noncommercial organizations is A) maximize. B) simplicity. C) constraints. D ) complexity.Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 7 Objective 3 29) Which of the following is a characteristic of both profit-seeking and non-profit-making service organizations? A) Labour is intensive. B) Output is usually difficult to define. C) Major inputs and outputs cannot be stored. D) All of the above are characteristics. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 7 Objective 3 30) Financial accounting is constrained by GAAP. Management accounting is constrained by A) GAAS. B) the cost-benefit balance. C) Revenue Canada. D) the controller. Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 1) The primary consideration in choosing among accounting systems and methods is A) simplicity. B) behavioural issues. C) cost-benefit balance. D) computerization. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 32) An accounting system should provide accurate, timely budgets and performance reports in a form reusable to A) shareholders. B) bankers. C) Revenue Canada. D) managers. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 33) ________ is (are) a quantitative expression(s) of a plan of action. A) A budget B) Performance reports C) Variances D) Management by expulsion Answer ADiff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 34) ________ provide(s) feedback by comparing results with plans and by highlighting deviations from plans. A) A budget B) Performance reports C) Variances D) Management by exception Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 35) ________ is (are) deviations from plans. A) A budget B) Performance reports C) Variances D) Management by exception Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 36) ________ concentrate(s) on areas that deviate from the plan and ignore(s) areas that are presumed to be running smoothly. A) A budgetB) Performance reports C) Variances D) Management by exception Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 37) Launching a new crop communication channel is an example of A) decision making. B) planning. C) controlling. D) organization. Answ er A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 38) answer the following questions When is dinner? Who is cooking it? is an example of A) planning. B) controlling. C) budgeting. D) analyzing. Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 39) Cooking dinner and tasting the food are examples of A) planning. B) controlling. C) budgeting.D) analyzing. Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 40) Planning determines action, action generates feedback, and feedback influences A) reports. B) accounting systems. C) further planning. D) deviations. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 41) A quantitative expression of a plan of action is a A) variance. B) performance report. C) control. D) budget. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 42) Actual results are compared to budgeted amounts in a A) performance report. B) pecuniary statement. C) production report. D) flexible report.Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 43) Management by exception means management con centrates on A) world-shattering activities action as planned. B) significant deviations from expected results. C) insignificant activities proceeding as planned. D) insignificant deviations from expected results. Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 44) A synonym for deviation is A) planned. B) systematic. C) variance. D) reported. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 45) A significant unfavourable variance A) should be ignored because of materiality.B) could not result from perfunctory budgeting. C) is the result of proper planning. D) should be analyzed, and measures should be taken to correct the situation. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 3 Objective 2 46) The product development stage in a products life cycle corresponds to A) no gross sales. B) sales growth. C) enduring sales level. D) low and decreasing sales. Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 9 Objective 4 47) The introduction to market stage in a products life cycle corresponds to A) no sales. B) sa les growth. C) stable sales level. D) low and decreasing sales. Answer BDiff 1 Type MC Page Ref 9 Objective 4 48) The mature market stage in a products life cycle corresponds to A) no sales. B) sales growth. C) stable sales level. D) low and decreasing sales. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 9 Objective 4 49) The phase-out-of-product stage in a products life cycle corresponds to A) no sales. B) sales growth. C) stable sales level. D) low sales to no sales. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 9 Objective 4 50) The various stages through which a product passes are called the A) product life cycle. B) production plan. C) market analysis. D) product initiative.Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 9 Objective 4 51) overlap life cycles A) are the same for all products. B) must be considered to in effect plan for production. C) are computerized bicycles. D) have nothing to do with product profitability. Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 9 Objective 4 52) agency exerted downward over subordinates is referred to as A) breeze authority. B) staff authority. C) general authority. D) specific authority. Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 12 Objective 5 53) berth to advise but NOT command is called A) line authority. B) staff authority.C) general authority. D) specific authority. Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 12 Objective 5 54) An example of a line department at a jewelry manufacturer is the A) accounting department. B) pay department. C) maintenance department. D) sales department. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 12 Objective 5 55) According to the Financial Executives Institute, one function of controllership is A) investments. B) short-term financing. C) provision of capital. D) reporting and interpreting. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 14 56) The draw accounting officer in an organization is oftenA) the controller. B) the treasurer. C) the CFO. D) the CEO. Answer A Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 14 57) ________ is mainly touch with the companys financial matters. A) The con troller B) The treasurer C) The secretary D) None of the above Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 14 58) ________ is the designation that provides the greatest orientation toward management accounting. A) CIA B) CMA C) CEO D) CGA Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 14 59) According to the Financial Executives Institute, one function of treasurership is A) planning for control.B) protection of assets. C) investor relations. D) economic appraisal. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 14 Objective 6 60) lease Accountants are A) internal auditors. B) management accountants. C) extraneous auditors. D) clerical accountants. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 61) The largest Canadian association of maestro accountants whose major interest is management accounting is the A) Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. B) Certified General Accountants of Canada. C) Government Accounting Institute. D) Society of Management Accountants of Canada.Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Object ive 8 62) A philosophy to manage waste by lessen the time products extend in the production touch and eliminating the time that products spend on activities that do NOT add value is A) computer-integrated manufacturing. B) just-in-time. C) better new-fashioned than never. D) added value tax. Answer B Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 63) Systems that use computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing, together with robots and computer-controlled machines are called A) just-in-time systems. B) robotic-computer systems.C) computer-integrated manufacturing systems. D) manufacturing-robotic systems. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 64) Which of the following factors is causing changes in management accounting today? A) Shift from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. B) increase global competition. C) Advances in technology. D) All of the above are factors. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 65) Systems that use CAD and CAM toget her with robots and computer-controlled machines are called A) JIT. B) CMA. C) CIM. D) none of the above.Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 66) Below is a statement from the Code of Professional morality for the Society of Management Accountants. Maintain at all times license of thought and action. It is an example of A) competence. B) confidentiality. C) integrity. D) objectivity. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 20 Objective 9 67) Management accountants are similar to CAs and CGAs in that they A) give opinions on financial statements. B) are clear by the Canadian Institute of public accountancy. C) stick to to codes of conduct.D) are commutative of the company they work for. Answer C Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 68) The Society of Management Accountants has adopted a set of standards of professional ethics which includes codes of conduct regarding all of the following EXCEPT A) competence. B) independence. C) integrity. D) confidentiality. Answer B Dif f 1 Type MC Page Ref 20 Objective 9 69) Which of the following individuals would likely NOT be users of management accounting reports? A) company presidents B) university deans C) bankers D) chief physicians Answer CDiff 2 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 70) Which of the following statements about management accounting is FALSE? A) It is concerned with how measurements and reports will influence managers daily behaviour. B) It is less sharply defined than financial accounting. C) Its primary users are organizational managers at various levels. D) It is constrained by generally accepted accounting principles. Answer D Diff 2 Type MC Page Ref 16 Objective 8 71) Which of the following statements about ethical dilemmas faced by management accountants is FALSE? respectable dilemmas A) are clear-cut. B) involve conflict between two or more than ethical standard. C) require individual integrity and judgment. D) require the application of ethical standards. Answer A Diff 2 Type MC Page Re f 20 Objective 9 72) Which of the following statements about line authority is TRUE? Line authority A) is similar to staff authority. B) is indirectly connect to the staple activities of an organization. C) is exerted upwardly from subordinates. D) includes the authority to command action. Answer D Diff 1 Type MC Page Ref 12 Objective 5 3) Broad concepts or guidelines and detailed practices, including all conventions, rules, and procedures that together make up accepted accounting practice at a given time. Answer Generally accepted accounting principles Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 16 Objective 8 74) The person from whom the controller derives authority to set accounting procedures. Answer The company president Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 12 75) Weighing known costs against probable benefits, the primary consideration in choosing among accounting systems and methods. Answer Cost-benefit balance Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 11Objective 7 76) A quantitative expression of a plan of action, and an a id to coordinating and implementing the plan. Answer Budget Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 2 Objective 2 77) Deviations from plans. Answer Variances Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 2 Objective 2 78) Concentrating on areas that deserve attention and ignoring areas that are presumed to be running smoothly. Answer Management by exception Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 2 Objective 2 79) Authority exerted downward over subordinates. Answer Line authority Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 12Objective 5 80) Authority to advise but not to command. It whitethorn be exerted downward, laterally, or upward. Answer Staff authority Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 12 Objective 5 81) The largest Canadian professional organization of accountants whose major interest is management accounting. Answer Society of Management Accountants Diff 1 Type SA Page Ref 16 Objective 8 82) A philosophy to eliminate waste, by reducing the time products spend in the production process and eliminating the time that products spend on activities that do not a dd value. Answer Just-in-time philosophyDiff 1 Type SA Page Ref 16 Objective 8 83) Describe the major users of accounting information. Answer In general, users of accounting information fall into three categories (1) Internal managers who use the information for short-term planning and controlling routine operations. (2) Internal managers who use the information for making nonroutine decisions and formulating boilers suit policies and long-range plans. (3) External parties, such as investors and government authorities, who use the information for making decisions about the company. Diff 1 Type ES Page Ref 2 Objective 1 4) Explain the cost-benefit and behavioral issues involved in designing an accounting system. Answer The cost-benefit balance, weighing known costs against probable benefits, is the primary consideration in choosing among accounting systems. The systems value must clear its cost. In addition, the systems effects on the behaviour of managers should also be considere d. The system must provide accurate, timely budgets and performance reports in a form useful to managers. Diff 1 Type ES Page Ref 14 Objective 7 85) Distinguish between line and staff roles in an organization, and give an example of each.Answer Line authority is authority exerted downward over subordinates. Staff authority is authority to advise but not to command. It may be exerted downward, laterally, or upward. Line departments are directly responsible for conducting the basic mission of the organization, that is, producing and selling a product or service. Staff departments are indirectly related to these basic activities through servicing and supporting the line departments. An example of a line role would be the sales executives, whereas a staff role would include the top accounting executive.Diff 1 Type ES Page Ref 12 Objective 5 86) credit line the functions of controllers and treasurers. Answer The treasurer is concerned mainly with the companys financial matters such as i nvestor relations, provision of capital, short-term financing, credits and collections, and banking. The controller is concerned with operating matters such as reporting and interpreting, evaluating and consulting, tax administration, government reporting, and protection of assets. Diff 1 Type ES Page Ref 1 87) Explain a management accountants ethical responsibilities.Answer A certified management accountant must adhere to a code of conduct regarding competence, confidentiality, integrity, and objectivity developed by the Society of Management Accountants. An unethical act is one that violates the ethical standards of the profession. Management accountants have an obligation to the organizations they serve, their profession, the public, and themselves to maintain the highest standards of ethical conduct. Diff 1 Type ES Page Ref 20 Objective 9 88) Explain the role of budgets and performance reports in planning and control.Answer Budgets and performance reports are essential tools for planning and control. Budgets result from the planning process. Managers use them to translate the organizations goals into action. A performance report compares actual results to the budget. Managers use these reports to monitor, evaluate, and reward performance and, thus, exercise control. Diff 3 Type ES Page Ref 3 Objective 2 89) Discuss the role that management accountants play in the companys value-chain functions. Answer Management accountants play a key role in planning and control.Throughout the companys value chain, management accountants gather and report cost and revenue information for decision makers. Diff 2 Type ES Page Ref 9 Objective 4 90) learn current trends in management accounting. Answer Many factors have caused changes in accounting systems in recent years. Most significant are globalization, technology, and a shift from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. Without continuous adaptation and improvement, accounting systems would be obsolete. Diff 2 Type ES Page Ref 16 Objective 8