Montesquieu - The Persian Letters - The Parable of the...

The Persian Letters (Letters XI - XIV) illustrate a classic question in philosophical thought: is man meant to live life by desire or virtue, and what happens if either case is taken to an extreme. Montesquieu illustrates this in letters written by Usbek to Mirza, and a story of a clan of Troglodytes who have created a city (so to speak) first ruled by their own desires as individuals (or their own selfish desires) and then through time, come to live by virtue, and later an attempt at the formation of a government - where the story ends. The story can roughly be divided into three parts - as it spans four letters: 1) Letter XI illustrates the Troglodytes living by their desires, 2) Letters XII and XII focus on the Troglodytes living by†¦show more content†¦In this monarchy, this form of government, he believed they would have no need for virtue. Through the whole of the Letters, and the tale of the Troglodytes, Montesquieu is, in addition to philosophical questions, stumbling upon a question made clear by the theme of this weeks readings: Why Government? Besides making clear, in the first part of the story, that selfish actions by all will only yield destruction, Montesquieu points out the need for organization. As the Troglodytes selfishly divided lands, without organization and thought, a large portion of the population died due to poor conditions on the highlands, and a year later, another portion died, as conditions were reversed. Crime was rampant. Without laws to govern them, they were only under the state of Nature so-to-speak, and only yielded to strength. This led to quarrelling and deaths among them. Without a system of trade, or laws to govern such a system, if someone was unable to completely sustain themselves on their own, they fell prey to unreasonable prices and practices. In addition, they had no international relations and even cut off ties with neighboring countries, and helpful foreigners. Overall the first part of the story is shouting for a

Film Adaptation of Hamlet - 941 Words

Adapted from Shakespeare’s play Hamlet,the film Hamlet was produced in 1996. It was directed by Kenneth Branagh. The main characters include Kenneth Branagh who starred as Prince Hamlet, Kate Winslet as Ophelia, Derek Jacobi as King Claudius, Julie Christie as Queen Gertrude, Richard Briers as Polonius, Nicholas Farrell as Horatio and Michael Maloney as Laertes. In the middle of the film there is a scene where Prince Hamlet is shown alone in a room contemplating whether or not he should avenge his father’s death, how he should go about doing and how unfortunate it is that he finds himself in this position. At that moment, Hamlet is so torn that he appears to be going mad. So much so that when the girl he loves, Ophelia, whom is sent by King Claudius and Queen Gertrude to speak to Hamlet, approached him, he declared to her that he never loved her. He pressed her hard against the mirror forcing her to face who she has become. He sent her away telling her and she should en ter a nunnery and that it would please him to ban marriage altogether. I believe that Hamlet’s delay in seeking revenge for his father shows indeed a strength in his character. That is because it proves that Hamlet was a moral and rational man, he did not remain inactive and Hamlet was a man ahead of his time (Utter 140) First, Hamlet was a highly intelligent, moral and rational man. I believe that was the reason behind his procrastination. A moral and rational man does not take the decision to kill a personShow MoreRelatedFilm Adaptation of William Shakespeares Hamlet1644 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet Film Adaptations Hamlet is perhaps William Shakespeares most famous of his many plays. Even people who have not read the play or seen it performed or watched one of the many film versions knows that basic elements of the plot. 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Kenneth Branagh version of Hamlet is seen covering most of the original text of Shakespeare’s play of Hamlet unlike the Mel Gibson version which omits many scenes and dialogues. The filmRead MoreHamlet: Mel Gibson vs Kenneth Branagh Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare shows a lot of adaptations to movies . Hamlet by Mel Gibson (1990) and Kenneth Branagh (1996) interpret and portray the play by Shakespeare in different ways. The two film versions of Act IV of Hamlet have many differences and similarities. Kenneth Branagh’s version of Hamlet is seen covering most of the original text of Shakespeare’s play of Hamlet unlike the Mel Gibson version which omits many scenes and dialogues. 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Hamlet Sr. was murdered by his own brother and then comes to his son to ask for him to avenge his death, by killing his uncle. Shakespeare’s adaptation shows a very narrow version of why Hamlet is internally struggling

Challenges and opportunities in agricultural marketing Essay Example For Students

Challenges and opportunities in agricultural marketing Essay Challenges and opportunities in agricultural marketing Introduction: Although rising incomes are contributing to expanding and diversifying food demand, investment in Indian agriculture has remained low relative to other sectors and grown slowly since the early 1990s. Lagging private investment in agriculture and agribusiness has corresponded with poor infrastructure and weak institutional support for agricultural markets. Even though India has one of the worlds largest agricultural economies, Indian agribusiness is characterized by a multitude of small- scale, non-integrated processing and marketing firms that use mostly outdated echnology and are uncompetitive in global markets. Most state governments and UT administrations have enacted legislations to provide for the regulation of agricultural produce markets. While by the end of 1950, there were 286 regulated markets in the country, there are around 8000 regulated market till date. In addition, India has 21780 rural periodical markets; the advent of regulated markets has helped in mitigating the market handicaps of producers/ sellers at the wholesale assembling level. Agricultural marketing includes such processes as assembling the raw commodities, rading, packaging, transportation, preparation for use, storage, shifting and sharing risks, change in ownership, pricing and exchange, wholesaling and retailing. Marketing is defined as the aggregate of functions involved in transferring title and in moving goods from producer to consumer. Agricultural marketing2 includes such processes as assembling the raw commodities, grading, packaging, transportation, preparation for use, storage, shifting and sharing risks, change in ownership, pricing and exchange, wholesaling and retailing. Abstract: The agricultural produce sector has been one of the most important components of he Indian economy. The increasing trend of agricultural production has brought, in its wake, new challenges in terms of finding market for the marketed surplus. There is also a need to respond to the challenges and opportunities, that the global markets offer in the liberalized trade regime. To benefit the farming community from the new global market access opportunities. The internal agricultural marketing system in the prepare the Indian agricultural markets and marketing environment so as to provide maximum benefit to the producers and in turn, compete with the global markets. Agriculture and agricultural marketing need to be re-oriented to respond to the market needs and consumer preferences. Agricultural marketing reforms and creation of marketing infrastructure has been initiated to achieve the above purpose. This paper throws light on challenges and opportunities, important elements, middleman in agricultural marketing followed by reasons for below average performance of Indian farmer and causes for poor agricultural marketing. Objectives: 1. To know the challenges and opportunities in agricultural marketing. 2. To know the important elements involved in agricultural market. 3. To know about iddleman in agricultural marketing. 4. To know the reasons for below average performance of Indian farmers. 5. To know the causes for poor agricultural marketing. Opportunities and challenges in agricultural marketing. Challenges: 1. Both public and private investment in Indian agriculture and agribusiness have remained weak 2. Along with weak infrastructure and limited institutional support for agricultural markets 3. The climate for private investment is also undermined by weak transport and power infrastructure and lack of key services such as market information, risk management. 4. On farm investment may also be constrained by Indias many small and marginal of farmland, and often have limited farmers, who account for nearly 40 percent access to input and output markets and more limited investment options. . Increased demand for value-added services and geographic expansion of markets Demands lengthening of the marketing channel but this are hampered by lack of rural infrastructure. 6. Direct marketing by farmers to consumers remains negligible. In the 27,294 rural periodic markets, where small and marginal farmers come to the markets, 85% lack facilities for efficient trade. 7. For facilitating trade at the primary market level, 7161 market yards/sub-yard have een constructed but they are ill equipped. 8. Due to poor handling (cleaning, grading and packaging) at the farm gate or village 30% of fruits and vegetables and 10% of seed species the market Level , about 7% of grains, are lost before reaching 10. Farmers shifting to higher-value crops face increased risk of fluctuation in yield, 11. The agricultural produce marketing committees (APMCs) do not allow the traders yards, the cost to buy from the farmers outside the specified market yards or sub- of marketing increases. 12. In several states, since elections of APMCs are not regularly held, they are uperseded by the government and administered by bureaucrats. 3. The long travel distance involved to reach a marketplace is a disincentive for most farmers, with small surplus to sell. Several markets are also poorly equipped. 14. Congestion in the market yards delays the disposal of the farmers. produce, frustrating the farmers. In several markets, malpractices by traders persist, such as late payment, deduction for cash or spot payme nt, and nonissue Ofs aleslips. In some markets market functionaries (traders, commission agents, and laborers) have formed strong associations. 15. There is considerable unmet demand for rural credit. Local money- lenders continue to provide credit to the rural families, as the reach of institutional agencies to weaker sections have remained poor. 16. Variation in Market Fees/Market Charges According to the provisions made in the APMC Act of the States, every market Committee is authorized to collect market fees from the licensees (traders) in the prescribed manner on the sale of notified agricultural produce brought by the farmers or traders in the market area at such rates as specified by the State Government. 7. Variation in Entry Tax. The rates of entry tax/octroi tax and sales tax levied on different agricultural ommodities vary from State to State which increases the cost of agricultural produce and gives distorted signals to farmers hampering production growth, and brings trade distortions. These also create hassles on the state borders causing considerable delays in interstate movement of goods. 19. Other Barriers Lack o f infrastructure like storage, transportation, telecommunication, quality control, packaging, price risk management. Nelson mandela - long walk to freedom EssayBut in many cases, the so-called middleman (or woman) may be performing valuable services on behalf of producers that are essential to successful marketing. On the factual side, in production agriculture we typically have to assemble an adequate volume of raw product and convert it into a more marketable form. These assembly costs can include transportation of farm products from the farm to an assembly point where products may be stored, graded, or converted into a more marketable form. middlemen or intermediaries accomplish these assembly and distribution functions. Some of the myths associated with eliminating the middleman can include: Myth: There are too many middlemen operating in the food and agriculture system. Fact: The number of middlemen or intermediaries is shrinking dramatically as the structure of the food and agriculture system changes. Major customers are requiring their producer-suppliers to perform many of the services previously accomplished by middlemen. This fact may be detrimental to small- to mid-sized producers in maintaining their access to important customers. Myth: If we simply eliminated the middlemen, we would automatically make more oney. Fact: Producers attempting to accomplish all of the assembly and distribution functions otherwise performed by intermediaries will need to bear that cost themselves. In some cases, producers may be able to perform those functions profitably but in many cases the actual costs of assembly and distribution are underestimated by producers, resulting in losses. Myth: A confrontational or adversarial relationship is the only way to effectively deal with middlemen. Fact: More producers are fguring out ways to build fair, working relations with intermediaries for their mutual benefit. Doing business with a iddleman who effectively adds value to your product ensuring what your mutual customers want can result in a win-win outcome. Smart marketers strive to understand all of the costs associated with putting their product in a form the customer wants, as well as distributing it to the locations where and when their product is needed. This is easier said than done in todays changing economy but essential for profitable operations. Some producers may be in a position to accomplish all of the necessary assembly and distribution functions themselves or as a group. However, for others not in that osition, eliminating middlemen may not be as desirable at first glance as producers might think, unless they can accomplish all of those functions at a lower cost than those individuals or firms who performed those assembly and distribution Reasons for below average performance of Indian farmers Small fragmented holdings: Poor per hectare yields as compared to international standards Inferior quality produce Poor post harvest Seasonal dependence Multiple products in small quantities with heavy wastages Selling everything wholesale and buying everything in retail (no holding Capacity/storage facilities) Poor bargaining power 11. Weak market intelligence Everything exploited by commission agent Causes for poor marketing of agricultural products in India: The various causes that led to poor marketing of agricultural products in The countries are Fluctuations in agriculture prices and supplies (surpluses/scarcities) Conflicting interests of farmers, middlemen and consumers Under utilisation of resources such as rural godowns, market yards etc. Inadequate transportation, communication and information network. Other factors such as distribution, seasonability, erishability, and enormity of production, storage lacks of processing make the problem of marketing more complex. Problem of plenty due to increased agricultural production leads to glut the market and ultimately fall in price. Problem of scanty due to inadequate production. in Result in rise in prices. Among these problems, communication plays a vital role in determining the success or failure of commercialization/ marketing of the agricultural produce in rural India. Recommendation: Exporters, processors and cannot procure directly from the farmers as the produce is required to be channelised through regulated markets and licensed raders. There is, in the process, an enormous increase in the cost of marketing and farmers end up getting a low price for their produce. This can be reduced by allowing exporter to directly procure the produce from farmers 2. In order to provide dynamism and efficiency into the marketing system, large infrastructure nearer to the farmers field. 3. Improving the efficiency of the marketing system and reducing the costs of marketing, particularly the avoidable waste in the marketing chain. 4. to help value addition at the farm and village level as well as at the secondary evel for creating employment in rural areas/small towns and for expansion of the demand for farm products 5. To segregate products according to quality and increase quality consciousness both among the farmers and actors along the value-chain. 6. Continuous evolution, perfection and transfer of science and technological inputs in agricultural marketing. 7. There is a need for bringing uniformity in the state-level tax structure in agricultural commodities for improving the market efficiencies. Taxes and on raw agricultural commodities should be rationalized, with a ceiling ercent. fees of 4 8. Human resource development for agricultural marketing all state Agricultural Universities should initiate degree and diploma in argi-marketing and agribusiness. Conclusion: Attempts to strengthen Indian agriculture must address not only farm production (farmers) but also processing, marketing, trade, and distribution. We must link farmers to markets. In this endeavour, marketing extremely important. Indian agricultural marketing have undergone several changes during the last decade. However, in the emerging environment, these need many more changes for making he agricultural sector vibrant and responsive to the aspirations of the rural masses. The introduction of new instruments like contract farming and warehouse receipt system should be permitted. The system of training farmers by strengthening the marketing extension education network needs to be put in place. Instruments for insurance of farmers against production and price risks should be made an essential component of development Marketing and institutional credit systems have always remained critical for agricultural development. Their role has been enhanced in the liberalized economic environment.

Underage Driving Essay Example

Underage Driving Paper TEEN TRAFFIC Attention! Attention! Attention! If you are a teenager or a parent of one then – it is a MUST for you to read on. It is very important for you to know that driving and especially underage driving is a potentially â€Å"risky activity†. Nowadays, in the times of modernization and the exposure, the teenagers are getting, they find it difficult to resist the temptation of driving before the right age. Due to peer pressure and to look cool, most teenagers start driving at an early age. It gives them a feeling of invincibility, freedom and independence. But is this rosy world of teens as beautiful as they think it is? Well, let’s see. It is true that anyone driving on the roads is quite in danger of meeting with an accident and teens between the ages of 16 yrs to 19 yrs are more vulnerable to it. The reason being that they are the most inexperienced when it comes to matters of the road. It has been found that the most number of people jumping a red light, taking illegal turns or driving with too many pillion riders are teens. We will write a custom essay sample on Underage Driving specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Underage Driving specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Underage Driving specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are even found wanting in the use of seat belts. Teens are the ones who usually meet with more number of accidents due to their immaturity as they often underestimate the seriousness or danger involved in a situation. They are wild by nature and high in spirits and also quite carefree. The fact that they are breaking rules and still not getting caught gives them a feeling of boldness. They often wear an attitude that says – ‘I can get away with anything and everything†. But ask the families who have lost one of their dear ones due to road accidents and are suffering now but also repenting at the same time due to their only mistake of allowing their young child to drive prematurely. Well, the fact remains that parents who allow their kids to drive on the roads whether, only for making their lives easy as the teens have to rush from their schools to tuition classes, don’t even think twice about its consequences. Statistics say that 1400 adolescents died due to underage driving in India in the year 1999 and the numbers keep increasing drastically every year. I feel that the leniency of the traffic police and negligence of the parents is the main cause of this problem. I don’t understand why is it so difficult for the traffic police to keep a check on underage driving as anyone in a school uniform driving a vehicle is underage. Traffic rules should be carefully explained and strictly enforced in all places. The police should be strict and should levy heavy fines on the offenders. Parents should also guide their wards in obeying traffic rules. The teenagers should be made to realize that driving is full of responsibilities and is a very serious issue. It involves the safety of not only their lives but also the other traffickers. The most important thing is that if the parents set an example by obeying traffic laws then their children will respect the law too. The schools can also contribute by making the students aware of the dangers involved in driving and the responsibility that comes with it. I feel that a combined effort of the police, parents and the schools will certainly help to reduce this problem to a great extent.