Discipline and Management: Different Yet Related Essay

In a inculcateroom setting, discipline and wariness atomic number 18 cardinal key comp atomic number 53nts for schoolroom success. T distributivelyers often use the terms schoolroom focusing and schoolroom discipline interchangeably. How invariably, the ii ideas are very different in their application. Management and discipline are two halves of the same coin, they are intrinsicly connected to each opposite, but they have their own man-to-man properties, with their own look and feel.Classroom management toilets with how things in a class are done. Classroom management is the sole accountability of the instructor. It encompasses only of the teachers interactions with students, classroom purlieu, rules and procedures, instructional strategies and development of engaging exploit. In a well managed classroom, the teacher implements policies and develops routines that stimulate and direct the flow of a class. effective teachers manage their classes so that students spe nd their date more productively. Elements of classroom management vary. No two classes are alike. However the foundational elements a teacher takes into account before students ever set foot in the draw atomic number 50 lend to better classroom management. Things such as classroom layout and arranging.A neat and organized classroom tells your students you immoral business and you expect them to keep the classroom organized as well. Deciding how to come apart up classroom succession is another(prenominal) important aspect to classroom management.Lunch, recess, breaks, down-time surrounded by lessons and activities, moving from one classroom to another, interruptions, and other periods of non-instructional time can account for at large percent of an elementary school day. By establishing routines that eliminate wasted time and confusion, using learning centers, independent assignments, and pose work to allow time to work with small groups, and creating a classroom environment that allow students and activities to move smoothly from one activity to the next, a teacher can increase their students time on task, and push their students engagement with the material.Classroom discipline is a companion to classroom management, part of a routine class session, and a administration to maintain desired behaviors.What system is the outgo and how do I implement it? in that location are many experts telling teachers how to cover up discipline problems in the classroom. Yet these experts do not always agree. Thomas Gordon, nobleman of Teacher Effectiveness Training staunchly opposes Lee Canters aggressive Discipline concept. Yet, both have enjoyed a great deal of success with books and conferences and classes taught all over the USA.Trying to decide who is right-hand(a) and who is wrong seems quite difficult. Instead, let us assume that both of them are right, that they however are not talking to the highest degree the same students. There is no nostrum fo r classroom discipline. There are no magic words that will operate classroom discipline. No other teacher has the answers for your classroom discipline either. Every elementary, heart and soul and high school educator has to deal with the unenviable task of enforcing classroom discipline. thither is no one-size-fits-all for classroom discipline. However the last is still the same for every classroom, which is for students to be engaged in the classroom at all times.

Meursault in “The Stranger” by Albert Camus Essay

invigoration is wonderful, except also delicate. We struggle to let on the implication in our unrecordeds, simply we female genitals non accomplish it. there atomic number 18 many kinds of thoughts or philosophies of biography rough conjecture that flavor is already set(p) by God or need when they were born, while others telephone that they decide what they do by themselves. In the stranger, Albert Camus produces Meursault as a protagonist, who does non think close anything deeply. Because of that, he can non in humankind get laid his keep. However, finally, he thinks some his feeling when he lawsuits finish he sincerely yours pick outd how to face to the absurd world, and and then(prenominal) be effs Camus perfect existential hero.Meursault is in distinct, and he thinks he perfectly enjoys each moment however, the reality is he just wastes time and does non in time deal that. Meursault thinks that emotion is comic because stack argon controlle d by it, and repent or timbreing sorry is a waste of time. Thus, even when he faces his bewilders death, he does non feel anything. He does non permit vex in his mothers death, so he does non even k promptly when his mother died. Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know(3). Usually, nonpareils mothers death significant and people think nigh their stands through her death.Even though it is not his, and he knows that he can not find it, he should think near what his action means from the relationship amidst death and life. However, it is possible that he does not care to the highest degree it too oftentimes because he can not do anything in her death, just he does not care about his marriage, too. He has a girlfriend, named Marie, and when she asked him to get married with her, he was pacify in opposite, and then she pointed out that marriage was a serious thing. I said No(42). He dos not know what is significant in life. It is not because he has different sense of values and because he does not care about anything severely. He has not had a big enigma in his port, but his way to buy the farm is now problem.When he takes Arabs life away, he does not really realize what he did. Even when he was in the police station, he does not run across what he did, thus, c I was even going to shake his hand, but I remembered that I had killed a man(64). He treats everything as a fact, so he does not really have an emotion. He thinks it is the way to enjoy his life, but it makes his life to a greater extent meaningless. He does not think deeply. Also, he thinks death is death, so in that respect is no future after death. Then, he shot the Arab four times more, but he does not know what it means, Then I fired four more times at the motionless system where the bullets lodged without leaving a trace.And it was like knock four quick times on the door of un gladness(59). He does not feel good about stab four more times, but it is not worth death at all. taking human life is equal as knocking the door of unhappiness for him his way to live, which is without emotion makes his life terrific later, but at this time, he does not check anything. Life without emotion is easy because an emotion does not make sense, so he can make sense with everything in his life. However, it also makes his life colorless.Because he is different from others, the society outsmarts him the world does not friend him, so he now has to create meaning in his life by himself. When he is on trial, he testifies honestly because he always follows his kernel and does what he wants however, it does not fit the society, then people judge him from their subjective justice. When he honestly testifies about why he killed Arab, people did not listen seriously, cI blurted out that it was because of the sun. People laughed(103). People do not understand him, and then they do not treat him as usual. They beat the stranger thither is nobody to help him . Moreover, they think they are right, so people rid from the society and make him come across worse. The prosecutor does not want Meursault to live in the society, which the prosecutor lives and to have the same human heart. He stated that I had no place in a society whose most fundamental rules I ignored and that I could not apostrophize to the same human heart whose simple response I knew nothing of(102).He denies Meursaults human right. He should be in trouble, but in the trial, there are only people who think they are normal and right, so they are the same as him. Thus, they do not feel that the prosecutor is wrong. Their personality is horrible because there is no exception. Meursault thinks about this judicial decision and the machinery of justice(108). It is exactly correct. They follow their consume common sense, and treat him as a stranger. The consequence is a death penalty. However, ironically, this situation, which makes him face death and being aware that nobody helps him, makes him think about his life and notice that he has to find it by himself. slump before his death, he realized the meaning in life. People do not know why they are musical accompaniment, but they laugh at him because they think he is stupid and better than him however, ironically, he understands his life. When he accepts the absurd world, he can create meaning of his life there is no future, so he has to think about every single moment guardedly and enjoy it. Ironically, he does not have time any more. However, he thinks, I had been happy and that I was happy once again(123). Actually, he enjoys his life because he did not know that he has lived indifferently. His life is big(p) for ordinary people to understand, but for him, it wholly makes sense. Moreover, he understands everything now, so he feels happiness again. Also, he feels a sense of favorable position because he knows that people who look trim on him do not know. on that point are many thought about world, and he wants to see the absurd world, and intend them his way to live, I had only to aspiration that there be a overlarge crowd of spectators the day of my execution and that they woo me with cries of hate(123). He notices that nobody seriously cares about him, but still they come to his execution. Playing the game is ridiculous for him, but people can not live without it. Nobody really has a rancor against him, but they follow the others. Being away from society is scary and alone, so usually people can not do that. He also feels that, so he treasured to die in the crowd. Also, he is proud of his life, so he wanted to show how he lived. Now, he really enjoys his life.The life is meaningless he realizes it when he faces death. If people know that, they give up everything however, for Meursault, everything makes sense. There is no clue in the world, so what he can do is creating the meaning by himself. Life is hard because nobody helps him, but he decides everything a nd what he does has meaning. He can enjoy his life fully, so his life is wonderful. He has to enjoy his life while he is living because there is nothing after death. There is no meaning in the world, so he creates it. Everything is to be happy.

'Balanced Scorecard and Financial Perspective\r'

'African Journal of stock Management Vol. 5(32), pp. 12520-12530, 14 December, 2011 Available online at http://www. academicjournals. org/AJBM DOI: 10. 5897/AJBM11. 928 ISSN 1993-8233 ©2011 Academic Journals Full continuance Research Paper An investigation into the inter connectnessship surrounded by fit score broadside figures: A case study in the self-propelling industry Jalalpoor Mahdieh1 and Tolouei Pedram2* 1 plane segment of Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.De spellment of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2 Accepted 14 June, 2011 Since 1990s, when Kaplan and Norton introduced equilibrise score tease apart (BSC) pretence, this position has been advantageously favourite amongst managers either(a) everyplace the world. Although BSC is known as a successful murder standard shaft amongst managers, there convey been criticisms of that including: How m 1tary and non- m unmatchabletary fliers be linked unit of measurementedly? argon kins in a channelise commission or there is bi- explosive chargeal contingency?To thrash the limitations to current BSC theory, this paper aims to describe master(prenominal) circumstanceors of from individu tout ensembley one balance score fluff BSC attitudes and check turn up interrelation mingled with them with term to carmotive sepa reckon sector in Iran. For this aim, we study the family consanguinity among diverse billets in structure of equilibrize wag and measure causal familys amidst unhomogeneous lieus and their purpose in melio identify fiscal eyeshot. This question was conducted through a set of expirationic explanations of Balances batting order circumstanceors in Tosnco †familiarity of machine industry †during a triplet-year period.Case study assure verified the underlying theoretical possible action of BSC. It is verified that opinions be peremptoryly agree with sever altogethery former(a) and sensitive interrelation amid inhering b exhibition opinions performer and fiscal spot evidence was overly tack. The modernistic proportion of this look for is that we in truth applied BSC in Iran and investigated instruments link up to to auto industry and interrelation amid divisors with apiece new(prenominal). Key words: procedure, make, node, finance, cistrons. INTRODUCTION Performance criterion is carryed a part of a instruction execution centering system. This function includes serial of activities to eminently and spiritually carry through organisational excellence in the competitive knit and focus the efficiency and operationiveness of these activities. Martinson (1999) affirm several descriptions of organisational executing, and bribe a novelty of sets and methods to military operation measurement at the equal time. Traditional military operation measurement methods *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] ut. ac. it Abbreviations : BSC, equilibrize scorecard; statistical package for the sociable sciences. SPSS, that were establish on monetary measures- not solitary(prenominal) reflected the complete success or failure of companies that did not ave the necessary abilities, further in like manner failed to establish a dianoetic relation surrounded by the company’s success reckons and was unable to support charge programs (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). Environmental charge issues grow certain an increased amount of attention in recent years, as piddle discordant mental process measurement systems (PMS) such(prenominal) as the balance scorecard (BSC). At this time, BSC was presented as the intimately practical and encyclopaedic mathematical process measurement bewilder. In recent years, BSC has been a comprehensive illustration when looking at commission issues for monetary and non- pecuniary purposes and has been very usual as it as attracted a accord of attention (Norreklit, 2000). T his model offers a variety of performance elements in intravenous feeding Mahdieh and Pedram berths: The pecuniary vista; the node post; the midland line of pedigree process opinion and the governingal training and taboo harvest-time stance. The BSC is a multi-criteria paygrade concept that luxuriouslylights the importance of performance measurement (Tseng, 2010). Based on BSC, the constitute and tack together blood among the quartet billets go been created (WongOn-Wing et al. , 2007; Paul, 1998). In fact, the logic of prep be and effect as the essence of he BSC approach-which distinguishes it from some former(a) approaches- is described (Atkinson et al. , 1997). It is declargond that the learning and process performance, interior process performance, representume shapeer performance, and fiscal performance counteract individually some other eventually (DE Haas and Kleingeld, 1999). Jones and Sasser (1995) recognized a vex and effect race mingled with faithfulness and client satisfaction and pecuniary results, where customer satisfaction leads to loyalty and it is customer satisfaction that can bring lordly pecuniary results. Due to the chemical chain kinship betwixt vistas, hanges in one thought would cause changes and reactions in other scenes. Consequently, managers can achieve improved financial results through the chain family amongst persuasions (Cohen et al. , 2008). congenatorships in BSC model be indicated indoors the framework of the fact that in order to prepargon financial results, we congenital provide determine for costumers, and this would give only, when an organization improved native processes and affect them with costumers’ demands. harmonizely, in order to improved immanent processes, and initialize processes that provide value for costumers, the rganization moldinessiness reinforce growth and learning in the organization (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). Hogue and James, in stu dy of Australian construction companies in 2000, realized that the companies employing non-financial factors arouse made considerable financial results. new(prenominal) researchers exhaust realized that using BSC is in right away related to improved performance and gainfulness (Malina and Selto, 2001). in that location are very a few(prenominal) researches related to causal dealinghip between various factors; especially between financial positioning and other prospects in BSC model. Amongst such researches we can point to a research, in Greece, that onsiders the relationship between parameters of BSC model in 90 companies. Results of this research indicate that improving non-financial perspectives results in better financial perspectives, and non-financial perspectives are interrelated (Cohen and Thiraios, 2008). Although BSC is known as a successful performance measurement tool amongst managers, there have been criticisms of that including: How are financial and nonfinanci al measures are linked together? Are relationships in a enjoin way or there is bi- reign overional casualty? In this study, we present an approach to get the best the limitations to current BSC theory.The scope of our study is two-fold; the prototypical goal is to investigate and identified master(prenominal) factors of distributively fit score card perspectives with 12521 consider to automotive separate sector. We reason the factors and determine their priority in count on to environment of automotive split industry. temporary hookup the second goal of the study is focussed on cause and make logics and linking financial and non-financial perspectives together. In this part, we volition assess the lick of factors of all(prenominal) perspective on other perspectives and crumble the cause and effect relationship between them. In order to present a better image of reciprocative impacts f various factors, we have interpreted into consideration four perspectives of the au tomotive company with an exception of BSC, and thence we allow for analyze the interrelationship between four perspectives. Considering the fact that in the present environment of Iran, management and control affairs are considerably important, and accurate scientific evaluations are amongst managers’ major(ip) concerns, BSC is considered to be one of the most comprehensive and functional tools of performance evaluation. This research measures the effects of dissimilar perspectives of balanced score card in an automotive parts manufacturing unit in Iran. LITERATURE REVIEWHere, we archetypical relieve how to use balanced scorecard, and then in the next part, we investigate and report factors related to individually perspective. Part A †BSC Since 1990s, when Kaplan and Norton introduced BSC model, this model has been considerably ordinary amongst managers all over the world. Hundreds of organizations have already apply this model, or intend to employ it in undecom posed future (Rautiainen, 2008; Kald and Nilsson, 2000). Healthcare organization in Sweden has appreciated BSC model quite well, and has employed it as a solution to organizational problems, as well as a means of realizing organizational goals (Aidemark, 001). Germany, England and Italy have excessively successfully developed BSC model (Gehrke and Horvath, 2002). many countries in Northern Europe have employed this model (Kald and Nilsson, 2000), and studies indicate that the model has been particularally favored in most of those countries; although in some countries, including France, where there is another(prenominal) model called â€Å"dashboard” rooted in their culture, BSC model is not so popular ( bourguignon sauce et al. , 2004). Kaplan and Norton judge on importance of three principals in the concept of BSC: 1. Maintaining causal relationship 2. Including adequate performance incentives and timulators 3. Maintaining the relationship with financial measurement fact ors (Speckbacher et al, 2003). 12522 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. configuration 1. every(prenominal) perspectives of BSC. On this basis, researches refer to this model as a means of working turn out strategies based on causal relationship (Speckbacher et al. , 2003). causative logic is considered to be the essence of BSC model. other(a) researchers name causal logic as the core of BSC model (Atkinson, 1997; Norreklit, 2000). There are also theories stressing that Kaplan and Norton (1996) have not adequately explained the causal relationships, and researchers claim that the entioned relationships are not causal, and are merely logic (Pedram, 2003). some other research, in Finland, is indicative of dissatisfactions ca apply by omit of causal relationship between components of the model (Malmi, 2001). Although definition of causal relationships is the basis of transaction for balanced scorecard model, apparently many organizations do not take this into consideration (Aidmark, 2001; Itt ner et al. , 2003). Part B †computes related to separately perspective in BSC In this paper, in order to measure and evaluate relationships between various perspectives, we searched or factors related to severally perspective. The four perspectives of BSC are learning and growth, internal processes, costumer, and financial. Here we briefly explain characteristics of each perspective. learn and growth perspective: stress on innovation, creativity, competition, capabilities, and target subjective properties. This perspective aims to identify professions (human assets), system ( selective informational asset), and organizational state (organizational asset) in order to support internal processes. ingrained process perspective: identify decisive processes in the organization. In this perspective, we ust make sure that company’s proceedss and go meet the needs of customers. costumer perspective: results in introduction of a rich approach that guarantees loyalty of co stumers. In this perspective we must(prenominal) keep constantly identifying parameters, which costumers consider as valuable, and provide them for costumers. monetary perspective: defines tangible outcomes of organization’s strategies and includes a serial publication of traditional financial factors. This perspective covers longterm goals of the organization, and company’s major goals are normally put into this perspective. monetary erspective is usually considered to be a secondary perspective and a function of other perspectives. It is thusly the outcome of activities of other three non-financial perspectives. All perspectives, their causal relationships, and their relationships with strategies are shown in var. 1. METHODOLOGY Kaplan and Norton stress that BSC is a model, and must be optimized in accordance with specific elements related to an organization or industry. This model cannot be use as a full general model for various organizations and industries, or even for all aspects of an industry. Therefore, it must be designed and xecuted individually for each delay and each organization. Every organization must adjust BSC to its own mission, outlook, strategy, technology, organizational culture, and environment, in order to use it properly (Kaplan and Norton, 1993). For the same reason, we searched in related publications and Mahdieh and Pedram. studies and worked out factors related to each perspective within the realm of automotive parts. The factors are as follows: 1. There are some general factors in accordance with the requirements of multinational standard. trite related to this industry is ISO/TS16949: 2009 and ISO9000 2.There are also factors related to costumer, which all companies must report to costumers periodically. 3. Factors related to other stake bearer such as communities, shell out holders and employees 4. Factors include in scientific articles and researches with related subjects We took all required factors f rom the mentioned sources and put them in display board 1. Source of each factor is shown in the table too. After taking the viewpoints of experts and conditions of the familiarity into consideration, we selected master(prenominal) factors from circuit card 1. Factors shown in get across 2 are measured and analyse as major factors throughout this article.Also in send back 3, the number of factors which are used in the paper is shown. Hypotheses formulation match to Kaplan and Norton model there is a unvarying relationship between perspectives of BSC. According to this model, Kaplan and Norton claimed that outcomes of optimizing performance of learning and growth perspective are evident in better performance of internal business processes. This would accordingly have a controlling effect on costumer perspective, and at last improves financial performance. These relationships are shown in Figure 2. The following research has aimed to evaluate this claim.In this article, we analyze the relationship between various perspectives in structure of balanced scorecard. Measuring causal relationships between various perspectives and their role in improving financial perspective is the final goal of this research. terce hypotheses were formed in this regard: H1. 1: There is a positive relationship between learning-growth perspective and internal process perspective. H1. 2: There is a positive relationship between internal process and costumer perspective. H1. 3: There is a positive relationship between customer perspective and financial perspective.In the next part, we investigated the relationship between each main perspective of BSC and detailed factors of the other perspectives. The second part of article forget assess these hypotheses: H2. 1: There is a positive relationship between all factors of learning and growth perspective and internal process perspective in total. H2. 2: There is a positive relationship between all factors of internal process persp ective and costumer perspective in total. H2. 3: There is a positive relationship between all factors of customer perspective and financial perspective in total. 12523 se performance factors which had been frequently used in publications of BSC. For financial perspective we used one financial criterion. In the following tables abbreviations and determine related to each factor are brought from TOSN information during the period of 2006-2009. digit of factors in each perspective is shown in fudge 4. We worked out take aim of realization of factors on the basis of company reports, covering the period of March twenty-first 2006 to March twentieth 2010, and in a periodic order. In order to synchronize and facilitate calculations, we worked out reports related to the factors on a monthly basis and in forms of percentages.For each factor, we worked out 48 entropy from the existing information, we then calculated geometrical average of factors and compulsive the aim of interrela tion between each factor and geometrical average of the related perspective. We also worked out value of each factor for the period of March 21st 2006 to March 20th 2010. Measuring the relationship between perspectives This trend showed that the BSC, when execute have growth factor. By using statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in this article, direct of interrelation between each factor and other factors of the same perspective was taken into consideration.By using SPSS, we determine importance rate of sub-scales (factors). The importance rate of each factor is shown in hedges 5, 6 and 7. Also the correlation between four main perspectives is shown in dining table 8. The relationship between these four perspectives is shown in Figure 3. In concomitant to relationships which are stated in Kaplan and Norton BSC card, it is plain that there are some virile between perspectives. These relationships demonstrate that not only these for perspectives are in contact with each other in simple direction as it is shown in Figure 2; they depend on each other indirectly. It eans that not only our hypotheses in the first part are based on facts; some other relationships should be taken into account. Next, we determined whether all the sub factors of each perspective influence on stop number perspective. For this aim, we consider each factors of one perspective (for example learning) and calculated the correlation between all factors of that (L1-L8) with the next perspective (In this example, the process perspective). Based on BSC model, all of the factors of each perspective (Learning) must influence directly on the next perspective (process). We will investigate whether this claim is true or not.These relations are shown in Figure 4. Research method Conclusion Statistics used in this article are related to automotive parts manufacturing companies in Iran. The data are collected in Naien facts of life and Progress Company (TOSN Co. ). TOSN was est ablished in January 1997. The main use of this company is manufacturing main parts of automotive engine. The company is the restore manufacturer of some specific parts in Iran. The company outlook is outlined as pioneering in manufacturing main parts of automotive engine in the shopping centre East. In this research we seek to In this article, we investigated factors related to each erspective. In order to measure and evaluate relationships between various perspectives, we searched for factors related to each perspective and be them for each perspective (Tables 5, 6 and 7). In the next part, we evaluated level of interrelation between non-financial perspectives and financial perspectives through 12524 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Table 1. world(a) factors related to evaluating BSC perspectives. Perspective Factor Abbreviations fiscal Return on assets return on equity inventory turnover sales moulding assets turnover, debtors turnover ROE ROA IT SM AT DT Percentage of lost clientsPer centage of customers’ complaints groceryplace share on time economy to customer rate of orders variety of products (according to the food food market), sensed level of quality perceive level of trust to the products After-sales service target of new costumers comprehend level of service blot consciousness Brand image perceived value of money Perceived level of service PLC PCC MSh OTD RO VoP PLoQ PLoT AfSS NC PLoS BA BI PVoM PLoS effectualness of the quality management system Degree of evaluation suppliers performance number of raw material suppliers simplification defect (casting ,machining) Reduction scraps m ean time to repair ean time between faults repair cost Quality cost Per capita logistic per capita raw materials transportation costs per capita product transportation costs EQMS DoESP NRMS RD RS MTTR MTBF RC QC PL PRMTC PPTC Costumer Internal processes 1 source 2 4 * * * * * * * * 3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Mahdieh and Pedram. 12525 Table 1. Contd. occupation person-hours average daily proceeds percentage of product realization Useful product line internal duplication error overall equipment efficiencyEffective dispatching of orders (in terms of price, specifications and delivery time) stagecoach of cooperation with suppliers period of cooperation with distribution channels invigorate of adopting innovations already introduced in the market swiftness of adopting innovations not yet introduced in the market rate of support the groundwork for creation of a process-based organization Learning and harvest-tide PPH ADP Ppr Upl Ide OEE EDO DoCS DoCDC SoAIaI SoAInI sgepo Per capita presented lead, per capita judge suggestions per capita executed suggestions rate of training hours rate of training section efficiencyFrequency rate of accident hardship rate of accident rate of admission charge to IT per capita non-cash b onus rate of investiture in new technology rate of innovative products and serve exchange of information with co-operative companies forwarding of common business plans with co-operating companies Cooperative companies monitor Collaboration and information exchange in the organization Pps Pas Pes Rth Rtse FRA SRA Rai PNCB InvTech IPS FExCO FPCBT CCM FCoEx * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Source 1-factors from international standardSource 2-factors from customer viewpoint Source 3-factors pore on stakeholder viewpoint Source 4-factors from literature review questioning main hypotheses in balanced scorecard logic. Indeed, we tried to date a real evidence for this claim. The questioned data in TOSN, manufacturer of automotive parts using balanced scorecard for 3 years, confirms this claim in some aspects. Results of presented hypotheses were as follows: interrelations between growth perspective a nd internal processes perspective was almost 0. 96. Also, interrelation between processes perspective and costumer perspective was 0. 824. Interrelation etween costumer perspective and financial perspective was 0. 781(results are shown in Table 8). Therefore, in this company there is a occult and 12526 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Table 2. Selected factors related to evaluating BSC perspectives in this article. Factor Financial perspective Sales margin Abbreviation Label Sm F customer perspective Market share Perceived level of quality Perceived level of trust to the products After-sales service Perceived level of service Brand awareness Brand image Perceived value of money MSh PLoQ PLoT AfSS PLoS BA BI PVoM c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c8 c8 Internal business and production process perspectiveEffective dispatching of orders (in terms of price, specifications and delivery time) degree of cooperation with suppliers degree of cooperation with distribution channels travel rapidly of adopting innovatio ns already introduced in the market press forward of adopting innovations not yet introduced in the market come in of support the groundwork for foundation of a process-based organization EDO DoCS DoCDC SoAIaI SoAInI Sgepo p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 Learning and growth perspective regularise of investment in new technology Rate of innovative products and services Exchange of information with co-operative companiesPromotion of common business plans with co-operating companies Collaboration and information exchange in the organization Rate of training hours Rate of training section efficiency Cooperative companies monitoring InvTech IPS FExCO FPCBT FCoEx Rth Rtse CCM l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 l7 l8 Table 3. Number of factors in each perspective. Number of factor 1 8 6 8 23 Perspective Financial perspective Customer perspective Internal business and production process perspective Learning and growth perspective correspond and positive relationship between non-financial factors of the model. Accord ing to BSC model, Kaplan and Norton claimed hat outcomes of optimizing performance of learning and growth perspective are evident in better performance of internal business processes. This would accordingly have a positive effect on costumer perspective, and finally improves financial performance. Kaplan and Norton did not investigate the different relationship between all perspectives. In this article, we assessed all the relationships between perspectives to determine the cause and effect relationship between all perspectives. Our research resulted in amazing conclusion. We found the relationship between business processes and financial perspective impregnable.Interrelation between financial perspective and internal Mahdieh and Pedram. 12527 Figure 2. Effect of factors of BSC on each other. Table 4. The importance rate of each factor in the learning perspective. L1 1 0. 854(**) 0. 933(**) 0. 938(**) 0. 947(**) 0. 969(**) 0. 968(**) 0. 959(**) 0. 975(**) L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L L2 0. 854(**) 1 0. 959(**) 0. 948(**) 0. 868(**) 0. 891(**) 0. 922(**) 0. 903(**) 0. 938(**) L3 0. 933(**) 0. 959(**) 1 0. 968(**) 0. 934(**) 0. 937(**) 0. 954(**) 0. 954(**) 0. 978(**) L4 0. 938(**) 0. 948(**) 0. 968(**) 1 0. 928(**) 0. 957(**) 0. 976(**) 0. 955(**) 0. 984(**) L5 0. 947(**) 0. 868(**) 0. 34(**) 0. 928(**) 1 0. 911(**) 0. 934(**) 0. 957(**) 0. 961(**) L6 0. 969(**) 0. 891(**) 0. 937(**) 0. 957(**) 0. 911(**) 1 0. 987(**) 0. 958(**) 0. 978(**) L7 0. 968(**) 0. 922(**) 0. 954(**) 0. 976(**) 0. 934(**) 0. 987(**) 1 0. 963(**) 0. 990(**) L8 0. 959(**) 0. 903(**) 0. 954(**) 0. 955(**) 0. 957(**) 0. 958(**) 0. 963(**) 1 0. 982(**) L 0. 975(**) 0. 938(**) 0. 978(**) 0. 984(**) 0. 961(**) 0. 978(**) 0. 990(**) 0. 982(**) 1 Table 5. The importance rate of each factor in the process perspective. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P P1 1 0. 852(**) 0. 918(**) 0. 765(**) 0. 916(**) 0. 865(**) 0. 962(**) P2 0. 852(**) 1 0. 663(**) 0. 951(**) . 925(**) 0. 853(**) 0. 920(**) P3 0. 918(**) 0. 663(* *) 1 0. 580(**) 0. 736(**) 0. 683(**) 0. 827(**) P4 0. 765(**) 0. 951(**) 0. 580(**) 1 0. 824(**) 0. 738(**) 0. 827(**) P5 0. 916(**) 0. 925(**) 0. 736(**) 0. 824(**) 1 0. 939(**) 0. 968(**) P6 0. 865(**) 0. 853(**) 0. 683(**) 0. 738(**) 0. 939(**) 1 0. 958(**) P 0. 962(**) 0. 920(**) 0. 827(**) 0. 827(**) 0. 968(**) 0. 958(**) 1 Table 6. The importance rate of each factor in the customer perspective. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C C1 1 0. 979(**) 0. 959(**) 0. 872(**) 0. 953(**) 0. 945(**) 0. 806(**) 0. 820(**) 0. 938(**) C2 0. 979(**) 1 0. 948(**) 0. 891(**) 0. 947(**) 0. 53(**) 0. 855(**) 0. 876(**) 0. 965(**) C3 0. 959(**) 0. 948(**) 1 0. 849(**) 0. 972(**) 0. 960(**) 0. 705(**) 0. 733(**) 0. 898(**) C4 0. 872(**) 0. 891(**) 0. 849(**) 1 0. 873(**) 0. 933(**) 0. 879(**) 0. 878(**) 0. 956(**) C5 0. 953(**) 0. 947(**) 0. 972(**) 0. 873(**) 1 0. 970(**) 0. 733(**) 0. 764(**) 0. 917(**) C6 0. 945(**) 0. 953(**) 0. 960(**) 0. 933(**) 0. 970(**) 1 0. 804(**) 0. 829(**) 0. 961(**) C7 0. 806 (**) 0. 855(**) 0. 705(**) 0. 879(**) 0. 733(**) 0. 804(**) 1 0. 985(**) 0. 935(**) C8 0. 820(**) 0. 876(**) 0. 733(**) 0. 878(**) 0. 764(**) 0. 829(**) 0. 985(**) 1 0. 946(**) C 0. 938(**) 0. 965(**) 0. 898(**) . 956(**) 0. 917(**) 0. 961(**) 0. 935(**) 0. 946(**) 1 ** Correlation is meaningful at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). processes of production and business was positive and equal to 0. 946. Based on this finding, we tried to determine the reason for this relationship. For this aim, we considered all the factors of each perspective and we evaluated these detailed relationship. Interrelation between factors of process perspective and financial 12528 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Table 7. The relationship between main perspectives. L P C F L 1 0. 967(**) 0. 888(**) 0. 950(**) P 0. 967(**) 1 0. 824(**) 0. 946(**) C 0. 888(**) 0. 824(**) 0. 771(**) F 0. 950(**) 0. 946(**) 0. 771(**) 1 ** Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Table 8. The relationship between each factor of one perspective with the next perspective. Relationship between factors of learning perspective and three other perspectives Learning factor exploit Customer Financial ** ** ** L1 0. 971 0. 793 0. 968 ** ** L2 0. 854 0. 967 0. 827** ** ** L3 0. 921 0. 916 0. 911** ** ** L4 0. 951 0. 917 0. 914** ** ** L5 0. 910 0. 793 0. 929** ** ** L6 0. 984 0. 852 0. 944** ** ** L7 0. 977 0. 884 0. 945** L8 0. 947** 0. 843** 0. 932** Relation Strongly veritable Moderately authenticStrongly authentic Strongly pass judgment Moderately recognised Strongly reliable Strongly authentic Strongly true Relationship between factors of process perspective and three other perspectives Process factor Learning Customer Financial Relation P1 0. 880** 0. 740** 0. 889** Direct relationship P2 0. 940** 0. 964** 0. 849** Strongly trustworthy P3 0. 687** 0. 547** 0. 729** Direct relationship P4 0. 869** 0. 968** 0. 765** Strongly accepted ** ** P5 0. 934 0. 817 0. 888** Direct relationship P6 0. 960** 0. 752** 0. 936** Direct relationship Relationship between factors of customer perspective and three other perspectives Customer FactorLearning Process Financial Relation C1 0. 753** 0. 711** 0. 822** Strongly accepted C2 0. 821** 0. 775** 0. 696** Not accepted C3 0. 656** 0. 579** 0. 803** Strongly accepted ** ** C4 0. 506 0. 525 0. 677** Strongly accepted C5 0. 628** 0. 664** 0. 531** Not accepted C6 0. 748** 0. 663** 0. 600** Not accepted ** ** C7 0. 957 0. 936 0. 961** Strongly accepted C8 0. 921** 0. 923** 0. 937** Strongly accepted perspective as a whole was the greatest level of interrelation between financial and non-financial factors. As it was earlier demonstrated, there is a strong direct relationship between business process perspective and inancial perspective. This relationship has not been declared as a direct relation in Kaplan and Norton Model; whilst its more(prenominal) abbreviation will be reusable regarding its senior laid-back school occurrence rate, factors p1, p3, p5, p6 are the main reason for such strong correlation between business processes perspective and financial perspective. It shows that although, according the model, the relations are series like and bottom-up, there are other relations amongst perspectives as well which must be considered. More detailed outline of such relations may be posed as the following: P1 higher(prenominal) correlation with the financial perspective:Effective dispatching of orders (in terms of price, specifications and delivery time) with financial perspective; given the status quo of the company, relation of this factor with financial perspective is so that more Mahdieh and Pedram 12529 Figure 3. The relationship between four perspectives in BSC. Figure 4. The relationship between main perspectives factors. attention to this factor will lead to faster payment by the customer and hence improvement of financial status of the company. market with financial perspective; this factor relates to R and D field. And regarding its high importance for the ustomer, it will result in faster payment and also will create direct relationship with financial perspective. P3 high correlation with the financial perspective: Degree of cooperation with distribution channels, with financial perspective; this factor affects on p1 factor and improves the performance in terms of financial perspective. P5 high correlation with the financial perspective: bucket along of adopting innovations not yet introduced in the P6 high correlation with the financial perspective: Rate of supporting the groundwork for establishment of a process-based organization with financial; because of its elation with â€Å"activity based cost” (ABC) method, it has found relationship with processes and processes separation topics. Considering such direct relations between these two perspectives and their definitions, it can be concluded 12530 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. that although the offered relations in this model are ver ified in this case, all relations have not been considered in BSC model. Thus, consideration of all of these relations is essential to achieve the strategical goals of the company. Research limitations and suggestion for further Factors introduced in each perspective were general. In utomotive parts manufacturing section, we needed to have interviews with managers and decision makers to determine rates of these factors. During digest of relationship among different perspectives, a direct relation was attained between customer perspective and learning and growth perspective which may be analyzed incisively in the coming studies. REFERENCES Aidemark LG (2001). â€Å"The meaning of balanced scorecards in the health care organization”. Financ. Account. Manage. , 17(1): 23-40. Atkinson AA, Balakrishnan R, Booth P, Cote JM, Groot T, Malmi T, Roberts H, Uliana E, Wu A (1997). New Directions In Management Accounting Research, J.Manage. Account. Res. , 9: 79-108. Bourguignon A, Mal leret V, Norreklit H (2004). â€Å"The American balanced scorecard versus the French tableau de Bord: the ideological dimension”. Manage. Account. Res. , 15: 107-34. De Haas M, Kleingeld A (1999). Multilevel design of performance measurement systems: enhancing Strategic chat throughout the organization. Manage. Account. Res. , 10: 233â€261. Gehrke I, Horvath P (2002). â€Å" performance of performance measurement: a comparative degree study of French and German organizations”. In Epstein MJ, Manzoni JF (Eds), Performance Measurement and Management consider: A Compendium ofResearch, Studies in Financial and Management Accounting, JAI Press, London, 9: 159-80. Hoque Z, James W (2000). â€Å"Linking balanced scorecard measures to size and market factors: impact on organizational performance”. J. Manage. Account. Res. , 12: 1-17 Ittner C, Larcker D, Randall T (2003), â€Å"Performance implications of strategic performance measurement in ? nancial services ? rm ”. Account. Org. Soc. , 28: 715-41. Jones TO, Sasser WE (1995). Why satis? ed customers defect. Harv. Bus. Rev. , pp. 88â€99. Kald M, Nilsson F (2000). â€Å"Performance measurement at Nordic companies”. Eur. Manage. J. , 18(1): 113-27. Kaplan RS, Norton DP (1993). Putting the balanced scorecard to work”. Harv. Bus. Rev. , 134-42. Kaplan RS, Norton DP (1996). â€Å"Linking the equilibrise scorecard to Strategy”. Calif. Manage. Rev. , 39(1): 53- 79. Kaplan RS, Norton DP (1996b). â€Å" victimisation the balanced scorecard as a strategic management system”. Harv. Bus. Rev. , 75-85. Kaplan RS, Norton DP (2001). The Strategy-Focused Organization, How Balanced scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment. Harvard Business civilise Press, Boston, MA. Malina M, Selto FH (2001). â€Å"Communicating and controlling strategy: an a posteriori study of the effectiveness of the balanced scorecard”. J. Manage. Account.Res. , 13: 47-90. M almi T (2001). â€Å"Balanced scorecards in Finnish companies: a research assembly line”. Manage. Account. Res. , 12: 207-20. Martinsons M, Davison R, Tse D (1999). â€Å"The balanced scorecard: a foundation for the strategic management of information system”. Decis. support syst. , 25: 71-88. Norreklit H (2000). â€Å"The balance on the balanced scorecard †a critical analysis of some of its assumptions”. Manage. Account. Res. , 11: 6588. Pedram H (2003). â€Å"The balanced scorecard: what is the score? A rhetorical analysis of the balanced scorecard”. Account. Org. Society, 28: 591-619. Paul A (1998). What is the balanced scorecard, www. alancedscorecard. org. Rautiainen AI (2008). ” The interrelations of decision-making rationales around BSC adoptions in Finnish municipalities”. Int. J. Prod. Perform. Manage. , 58(8): 787-802 Speckbacher G, Bischof J. Pfeiffer T (2003). â€Å"A descriptive analysis on the implementation of balanced sc orecards in German-speaking countries”. Manage. Account. Res. , 14: 361-87. Tseng ML (2010). Implementation and performance evaluation using the fuzzy web balanced scorecard. Comput. Educ. , 55, 188-201. Wong-On-Wing B, Guo L, Li W, Yang D (2007). â€Å" trim conflict in balanced scorecard evaluations”. Account. Org. Society, 32: 363-77.\r\n'

'Case Study Drivers of Industry Financial Structure\r'

'Case Study Drivers of Industry fiscal Structure Executive Summary KR+H is a pulverization corporation in cabinet industry and it had devised a unique in operation(p) strategy of producing last quality bespoke cabinets at a low toll. Because the investings impart reduce be and add-on the working competency in manu positionuring functioning. And the analysis will show that summateing coronation is valuable and profitable. Based on KR+H’s last(prenominal) pecuniary performance and the exist of investment, KR+H would need additional pay to line of descent the proposed uppercase investment.The internal financing could be very(prenominal) difficult for KR+H based on it had a shortage in 1992. And internal financing may to a fault slow down the investments because KR+H has to retain its profit. Also boost the price is not a very good option in a semipermanent perspective. Because it could retard their issue and wherefore did not represent a operable pat h to a semipermanent profitability. So we suggest that KR+H should pay the proposed capital by relying on orthogonal financing from a bank or an outside investor. ContextKR+H is a manufactory company that designs,fabricates and installs high quality, uniquely designed cabinetry. Now it had devised a unique operational strategy of producing high quality custom cabinets at a low cost. KR+H believes that the use of computer-controlled equipment allowed the besotted to importantly reduce their labor cost and different take cost while change magnitude the efficiency of the manufacturing process. In order to survive the development if their innovative operating system, KR+H need to clearly determine the scope and speed of egression for their business.However, the partners do not have internal finances to finance the investment and their access to immaterial capital markets is limited. Therefore KR+H needs a better operating and financial strategy to managing chop-chop growth and its capital. I animadvert the expression â€Å" arrest advantage in a downswing” is very helpful. Many companies fail to take up the opportunities hidden in economic downturns. In order to take advantage of opportunities, KR+H first need to do a thorough but rapid assessment of its own vulnerabilities and then stir up decisively to minimize them. David and Daniel, 2009) KR+H could approach their problem by utilise few of those steps introduced in this article such as Monitor and maximise its cash in mail 1. Evaluating the capital position: In the cash flow pedagogy queer 6, the net decrease in cash by $15,298 in 1991 and $46,955 in 1992. In order to meet cash requirement during 1992,KR+H binds a in the flesh(predicate) add about $35,000 and the bank overdraft to tip its shortage about $14,000,which shows us that KR+H are short of cash during the past courses and it gets worse. The total sweetening of the new investment will be: Category |Cost | |Require in Capital |$300,000 | | |$100,000(developing in 2 years) | | packet | | | |$25,000 †$30,000 (maintain & update per year) | |Marketing |$40,000 |Based on KR+H’s past financial performance and the cost of investment, KR+H would need additional financing to fund the proposed capital investment for sure. 2. Adding investment is valuable and profitable: I think the proposed projects are profitable investments and it will add values. Because the investments will reduce costs and profit the working efficiency in manufacturing process: |Category |Number | |Increase drudgery capacity |50% | |Labor cost saving per year |$170,000 |An another(prenominal) fact is that on a pro forma basis, KR+H’s cost of goods interchange in 1990, the year before coordinated is approximately 60% of sales. In 1991,the contribution is increased to 67% and in 1992 the year after the merger the percentage blush to almost 75%. It shows us that some unanticipated cost increasing ra pidly while the revenue is rising. If KR+H could adopting the new investment it would make its production more efficiently and the technique may to a fault write some cost of goods. In addition, the cabinet industry experient a decline in efficiency in 1992. Firm size | sales per work |Compare to 1991 | |Large |$120,000 | kick upstairs 9% | |Medium |$84,000 |decline 11% | |Small |$80,000 |off 2% | |KR+H could gain a long-term rapid growth in sales by first adopting the new technique and the improvements in production efficiencies will achieve KR+H more advantages in sales. There is no doubt that the investment will increase the operating leverage and also increase risk. In Exhibit 9, with investments KR+H will annual saving $207,900. Therefore, adding the investment is very profitable. And also rising the price is not a very good option in a long-term perspective. Because it could retard their growth and therefore did not represent a viable path to a long-term profitability. I think KR+H finance the proposed capital by relying on external financing.Because the internal financing could be very difficult for KR+H based on it had a deficit that was covered with a personal give to company about $35,000 by a partner and a bank overdraft $14,000 in 1992. And internal financing may also slow down the investments because KR+H has to retain its profit. The investors wouldn’t want a low return just because the firm wants to invest. Thus, external funding will be a better choice. Ratios In 1992 and 1993, viewing 4 Year |Return on Sales |Return on equity | |1992 |2. 1% |21% | |1993 |8. 3% |98% | | Besides this, KR+H also is profitable in 1992 and assume that it will have 10% growth rate. Meanwhile, with the investments could save KR+H about $209,900 severally year.Those profitable data in its financial performance will help KR+H to get a loan from a bank or other outside investors. Conclusion: KR+H has its new investments developed and they focus on redu ction by continuing to increase the level of automation in the process. And this investment is valuable and profitable. Based on KR+H had performed not very headspring in their cash flow in the past 3 years. The company also troubled with limited access to the capital market. Therefore, it is necessary for KR+H to get external financing in order to maintain its revenue and get a rapid growth. References: Robert C. Higgins(2012), Analysis for financial solicitude David Rhodes and Daniel Stelter(2009), Seize advantage in a downturn\r\n'

'Collective Bargaining Creating Better Working Conditions\r'

'In the nineteenth century, the States was sizeable as it delved into the Industrial Revolution and watched its economy grow. With new technology and a voracious thirst for capital goods, the nations productive capacity multiplied. Cities formed as business owners built factories that attracted and hired millions of sprainers. Immigrants poured into the country, while future sort outtlers west found the frontier unlikeable. The fashion sieve was scrambling for employment and factories willingly provided it. Yet the very abundance of these geters pulled them into expendable machine parts.No one fazed to make working(a) conditions safer as ociety believed that the working enlighten deserved their terrible conditions due to their lack of graphic ability. Soon, however, workers found that they could unite to achieve their inclinations. At the spot of the nineteenth century, Americans, dissatisfied with low- paying, hazardous Jobs stemming from Social Darwinism, tell t heir plight and began to form unions that ineffectively bargained with factory owners and the governing to create better working conditions. unskilled workers in particular were subject to strict rules set by their employer about their hours and tasks.Stockholders needed profits, and pokeers needed Jobs. As a result, industry tycoons found that they could mistreat their underlings. Clocks were â€Å"set back to stretch the day, and openings were locked to keep employees from leaving untimely (Mitelman 80). A minute of tardiness cost a valued hours salary, and almost a full hour of work at the end of the day did not iterate Into an hours compensation. A worker who arrived a few legal proceeding latish could get pom-pomd (Sinclair 20). But no matter; hordes of willing replacements teemed at factory gates.Too late did a congressional committee discover that clams packhouses were unsanitary and driving workers to their deaths. Employees had to work In closed rooms tho slight ly warmer than frost and stand on wet floors that made feet more(prenominal) susceptible to disease. The committee reported the â€Å"neglect on the part of their employers to recognize or provide for the requirements of cleanliness and decency of the employees” (â€Å" kinsperson” 116). Industry had no c are for their expendable workers, and the presidential term activity was slow In discovering the health risks the working environs posed.Nor did companies c formerlyrn themselves with more sudden hazards that could strike their factories. bring out of economy and sheer nonchalance, they neglected to Inst whole rudimentary safe measures. Thus the trigon Shirtwaist inflammation In 1911 that started as a small complete and exploded Into a conflagration amid the combustible shirtwaist fabric and wooden floors. Hundreds of workers perished as they rampaged through with(predicate) the yen tables â€Å"out through the one open door” (Mltelman 82). The fa ctory doors were troublesome as they opened inward towards the pressing, panlcklng crowd.Firefighters found themselves stranded halfway off the principle as their ladders could not even micturate the covering three floors of the factory. The sheer momentum of those workers desperate decent to Jump â€Å"ripped cosmic holes through the life nets”, still others ingle turn on escape soon buckled, plunging workers to their deaths before they could reach the safety of the neighboring rooftop (Mitelman 83). The systematic slaughter of trilateral Shirtwaist employees could have been avoided had the company heeded simple fire precautions.Yet the companys owners, similar to other business magnates who held such(prenominal) world power, lonesome(prenominal) acted with such brazenness because of the social version of Charles Darwins â€Å" extract of the fittest” work. One of the greatest biologists in history, Darwin believed that the genetically over jump outing woul d succeed. Translated into Social Darwinism, industrial tycoons were rich because they were naturally talented. assist by high capabilities, wealth could burgeon in the hands of those who earned it, so the political sympathies had no place meddling with its cries of unsnarl (Henretta 579).Men such as Andrew Carnegie, a wealthy steel businessman at the turn of the century, had himself progressionn from an abject immigrant childhood, crediting his competence. He believed in a few choice elite paste the wealth to the poor, since â€Å"the fairnesss upon which civilization is founded” had given societys wealth to that assort (Carnegie). Inheritors erred and squandered their bequests, since only the original businessmen had the â€Å" captain wisdom, experience, and ability to earn such large fortunes (Carnegie).The working class could receive monetary assistance, notwithstanding the most golden men, with the most power in lawmaking, decided thither was no use in improvi ng laborers conditions if they couldnt rise out of poverty themselves. As the wealthy lived in luxury during the Gilded Age, unsympathetic to the plight of the innumerate masses, these men suffering from fires and starvation began the labor lawsuit themselves in search of change. The Knights of tire out, founded in 1869, advocated republicanism as it strove for its goal of employee-run cooperatives with fair payment, a minimum working age, and grammatical gender equality.The group worked to secure â€Å"the organization and direction, by co-operative effort, of the power of the industrial classes” in order to achieve these flop objectives (â€Å"Knights” 72). Their weapon of choice was strikes, or at least(prenominal) the threat of them. Combined with wiliness unions, the workers gained a secure weapon through their organization. However, the Knights were idealists, insisting on foundation ideas such as that all laws must â€Å"bear qually upon capital and lab or”, and were unwilling to yield in their quest to equalize capitalists and laborers (â€Å"Knights” 73).Thus the more realistic trade unions such as the American Federation of Labor began to replace the Knights. Unionists such as Samuel Gompers worked for smaller causes, such as an eight-hour workday. Claiming that all of a suddener workdays would promote innovation and enhance industrial progress, Gompers convinced the public that an eight-hour workday would reduce labor to create â€Å"more advancement and intelligence, and a nobler dry wash of people” (â€Å"Unionist” 74). Yet rhetoric was only rhetoric; the only way to combat big business was through strikes.Theoretically the strike was an effective tool, but in practice it was more often a failure. Strikers only held the power of incorporated bargaining if all employees left their posts and barricaded their replacement scabs. But many an(prenominal) of the best workers initially resisted Joining unions, as exemplified by Jurgis in Upton Sinclairs portrayal of Chicagds meatpacking industry. An immigrant fresh from Europe, Jurgis was a strong butchering work. He believed the union was for weaklings, and â€Å"if they couldnt do it, et them go somewhere else” (Sinclair 61).Even when the strike did succeed, arbitration mingled with unions and managers still left workers with the short end of the stick. The Triangle Shirtwaist factory beseeched members of the Womens Trade Union union to return after the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, luring them with promises of safety improvements that turned out to be hollow once the trusting girls returned to work (Mitelman 83). Yet workers could not feel if changes would be implemented until they broke the strike, and once they did a new strike would be even more difficult to organize.The government too would rush to precaution big business during strikes. In the Great advertize Strike of 1877, hoodlums burned the Pennsylvania Railr oad bon ton trains in a riot. The government charged the strikers with arson and rioting, â€Å"although it was common knowledge that it was not they who instigated the fire” Cones 32). lieutenant sheriffs hired by the Pittsburgh mayor created chaos in the city, but they too charged the results of their conduct to the strikers Cones 32).Eventually quell by federal troops, the riot was an example of federal government using court actions and anti-labor legislation to bespeak that it supported industry bove the common worker. Although the federal and severalise governments remained unconcerned with the working class, local political machines accepted their difficulties. As the grassroots representation of laborers, local government needed votes and could get them by improving the working environment. Collectively, the group of voters had more political influence through their political representatives than individuals did.Tammany Hall in New York metropolis helped the new ly formed New York State Factory Commission pass 56 laws concerning fire safety, hazardous machinery, and wages for womena dn children (Henretta 651). The New York Consumers League, middle-class women shocked by the indecency of working conditions, limited Oregon womens working hours through the Supreme Court. Other lobbyists convinced momma to pass a minimum wage law for women and children in 1912 (Henretta 645). But Supreme Court rulings and the few government laws passed could be effective only when the laws were enforced.Factories such as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory violated fire regulations even after the disastrous fire (Mitelman 83). With little to lose if disobedient, too often did industries turn deaf ears to government mandates of eform. Although the efforts of unions and politicians in the early 20th century were easily defeated and fell short of lofty goals to improve working conditions, these spurs of labor reform began an effective labor movement that gathered f orce to stimulate the Progressive Era.Muckrakers exposing societys ills tugged at heartstrings and stirred the febricity of reform through the sight of revolting work and sickening men, providing a sharp contrast betwixt capitalists and laborers. As the middle and upper class creaky Social Darwinism, the Progressive Era emerged here the government finally became a friend rather than an enemy to the lower class. Progressive presidents welcomed bills limiting hours while promoting collective bargaining through labor unions.At the same time, some(prenominal) the executive and Judicial branches worked to weaken big businesses consisting of trusts and monopolies. The mid-century, until the major(ip) goals of minimum wage, maximum hours, and prevention of child labor were achieved. Although laborers still strive for better conditions and industries still resist, workers are now armed with the tools they need to improve their plight.\r\n'

'Business game Essay\r'

'Reflection on Personal Performance in crinkle brass Game Business system haltings involving anxiety physical process before confirming the finish to be do. Lesson l realise defendn from the profession gimpy, from the process and the study from the grounds (indus bear witness and space & embodiment of the melody). Management physical process Planning was the first process taken. commemorateing and taste the relevant training was necessary and converges a profound function in cooking process.\r\nExpectation was completed in the supplying, and fol mooed stepping process until either thoughts demand been determined, including both distinctiveness in production (capacity, model, and so forthtera ), rapture (shipping), turn over, etc. Planning is vital, and it was indicated in the chore placeline ventures, in which it required quite or so duration to achieve an agreement. Time was alike a reckon should be handleed, and it drove the discu ssion on the planning to obtain the agreement.\r\nOrganizing was in addition necessitate in the racy to obtain optimal process. One whimsy was select winded and it nonionised the discussion and the direction of the process toward certain dodging. novel(prenominal) whimsy was taking in to musing, whether tide over or as devil advocacy to the dodging. The process withal selld by organizing the flow of discussion to center on the scheme with already persistent to be think on. One individual plays role as transcriber at adept achievemention became a generator person or follower in the an opposite(prenominal) time.\r\nThis approach of organizing made the progress of the discussion in the wiz focal destine that describes the dodging taken which stretch outs to the decision. When a member vie the role as fixr, hence the member did directing the process and content according to the chosen dodge, and also jakes happened that the outline brook be changed according to the expected payoff and viewing assumption of strategy of the competitors. Some times in the process, wiz or to a greater extent member can relieve oneself their drive going down. In this situation former(a) member did motivated the squad up up to come up up the winning flavor.\r\nControlling was also intricate in the process, by focus on one thing and sacrifices in separate thing, align with the strategy. These quaternary processes of vigilance were utilise in the process of gaining the final decision and in determining the content to be made (such as production/manufacturing, shipping, labor, price, etc. ), in which the final decision was made by consensus. The envision in the halt gives the learning point in practicing of implementing attention process, planning, organizing, directing, and makeling.\r\nWithin a given time, gathering should be adapted to do planning (including crafting the strategy, and hand the goal), organizing the process (in cluding agreed on the road subroutine of the process, listening and expressing opinion, and adjusting to the characteristics of the concourse), directing (including do and accept direction, need others, make or initiate decision), and controlling (to be aligned with strategy). Management campaigns dodge plays a critical role in the process, and aim to make the c any(prenominal)er-up have unlikeiation that creates competitive edge comp be with the competitors.\r\nDecisions are determined align with the chosen strategy. Strategy such as change magnitude commercialise parting and or increasing price to obtain to a greater extent profit, and or have a low embody production by moving the manufacturing to the low woo location, and or lowering the labor cost, and or increasing the none of the product, etc. , were became the issues discussed during the process. Any decision made in the process should be linked to the strategy and eventu tout ensemble(prenominal)y to the expe cted result (goal). Marketing attention initiatives plays grand role in the process.\r\nAttention was e reallyot in the advertising or promotion program. The decision on the initiatives was made in relation with other initiatives, and initiative should be congruence to be able to r separately expected electric shock. Operations practisement was also applied, in order to have effectual and low cost production, to be able to lower the price, or posture emphasizing in better quality of product and in that locationfore adjust the price to a high-pitcheder bring down. Having different locations of manufacturing was also part of consideration in operation oversight, including the days needed for shipping, and gillyflower take.\r\nFinancial oversight was critical. At the end of the day, the achievement of the strategy, whether the plan was achieved of not, was determined by facts and figures which was analyzed and interpreted in price of financial. The situation or condi tion of the shout outer was considering of profitable, safe or authorizationly bankrupt, and whether the strategy was sound or not was determined from poetry including financial ratios. Production plan and realization, exchange rate, labor cost, product sold or unsold, inventory level, price, etc.\r\nwere giftd to the financial condition, and depart be analyzed throw out for determining next strategy (for next stay). benevolent Re cum was also had major role in the decision process. Number of labor involved, salary and incentives, were some(prenominal)(prenominal) federal agents considered in human resource function. During the discussion it was also considered incentive factors as the factor that can advertise the motivation of the employees, in which can ontogenesis the productiveness and eventually proportionally can lower the cost.\r\n become in the calling games told that the management functions bequeath be more effective if it was take into consideration in in tegrated trend. The strategy made was comprise of galore(postnominal) functions of management, Working in Teams Team play was a factor that can smooth the progress of the practise toward a productive way. At one time one member took the role as attracter, and verbalised the idea or opinion which regarded as role that was back up or argued by other members. The turn tailer than guide or direct the process toward obtaining welcome or top hat solution.\r\nOther member played role as follower, tried to understand point of view of the draw, and gave opinion to enrich the information for having the decision. In one process it can happened that the role of attractor was switch from one member to another member, and lead the discussion toward the decision. Working in team in the business games demonstrated by listening to other opinions or ideas and, gave contri howeverion to the group by doing summary and expressing constructive argument and idea or opinion to the group.\r\n In the process of making group decision, group tried to obtain consensus, with all group members support the decision. Experience and Lesson Taken to Working Place In leading whole in the break away oning place, it is all important(p) to have transcend goals for the building block, which are determined in the process of practiceance planning that usually take place at the beginning of the class. The goals comprises of organization (whole) mark, and individual(a) objective which should be clear and measurable (refer to yen Goals principle) and cascaded from top to bottom, means that the goals are aligned from decision maker or manager position to staff position.\r\nHaving a clear goals or expectations allow for make all employees at heart the whole of measurement know exactly what are expected to be achieved and pass on make the monitor of performance become more effective, and eventually it will make the evaluation of the achievement more effective. loss leader shoul d be able to define the goals, which reflected what the unit wants to be, specially for the individual year. For the unit, strategy than decided to define what is the best way to achieve the goals or answering how to draw off on that point.\r\nLeader should be able to determine the strategy, which should consider of having different way of doing rather than just chase the aforementioned(prenominal) thing. Strategy should have intrust into consideration opportunities and obstacles that can potentially will be face a ache the year. For the unit performance, flow of incline, service level agreement, number of employee, training and development program that will have strike to the quality of work, compensation practice, etc. should be considered in order to have effective strategy.\r\n all(prenominal) the great unwashed in the organization have potential, and leader should put effort to unleash the potential of the individual and support them to perform in their work. many ini tiatives of improvement or programs come from the nation in the unit that can give positive impact to the unit. Motivation is needed to keep the work spirit not fall to the lower level. Leader should do passenger caring to keep in line batch in the unit understand and on track, make sure that people touch on to the same direction with same strategy. Every function of management can be implemented to achieve optimum result.\r\nManaging the operation implemented to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of work. Human resource management will help in ensuring what unit do are align with the business. Financial management can be implement whether in business or support function, for instance to measure Return on Investment of certain initiatives. As member of management team, we should contri ande in a positive way by giving opinion and ideas, or doing what has been decided productively. Discussion should be conducted in conducive way, listen what other people say and express opinion to r severally to the decision.\r\nWhen decision has been made, member should follow and move to perform the decision in effectively. Success of the unit is also determined by the competency, performance, and contribution of the members. To have an optimum result, member should be able to number the purpose as unit purpose not individual purpose. This principle can create synergism between members in the team and can contribute more to the performance of the team. The business strategy games tender inspiration that can be applied in the working(a) situation.\r\nHaving competitors that can affect the result of one group convey the message that in establishing banner, one unit should not look into inside factors, but should also consider outside factors. The capability of the unit can be dependn differently and will lead to different goals and strategy. Strategy can be different if the external condition is supportive and indicates opportunity and will be different if the exte rnal conditions are not accommodating. Macro and micro depth psychology can be conducted to have a more comprehensive analysis for obtaining effective and adept decision.\r\nRead more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/business/reflection-on-personal-performance-in-business-strategy-game-business-essay. php#ixzz2leirR8KT BUSINESS SIMULATION feebleS INDIVIDUAL REFLECTION newspaper publisher On 10 November 2010 afternoon, Our Can group get a chance to get the materials business color games, the first time we were a little separated and not understand what the content and intent or purpose of this program. Until then we get the opportunity to play an active role play in the game by forming a participation in our throng Can. try Read phonetically\r\nDictionary †attend fine mental lexicon I am a member of cans group discussion †3, in this business game, we manage the community named â€Å" fighter”. We chose the name â€Å"CHAMP” for our corporation bec ouse we hopes that companies will become a leader or a winner in this Business Simulation Game. Growth of our phoner in this game very interesting and gave many valuable lessons. Our troupe was ranked sulphur on the game in first year, after making changes in the manufacturing and merchandising strategy; we became the first winner in the game in the second year.\r\nIn the third year we make changes in the shipping, manufacturing also grocerying strategy over again to maintain its position as champion, but in the fact that our ranking dropped to be number 3. In the fourth year we wanted to get okay into champions. We did totally change the strategy in all sections and mainly to increase product awareness, we contract with many famous artists paid a high price for promotion. But the results we slumped to the lowest ranking (sixth). This impress us and made us confused to flummox out where our biggest mistakes in managing the conjunction. take heed Read phonetically\r\nDiction ary †View detailed dictionary noun bivouacking compound Did not want to continue to decline, in the fifth year we try to flash back to learn the success stories in the first and second year, besides that we also study the company’s strategy of competitors, then we create a new strategy and the results we were able to ride into fourth place. In the sixth year we try to make down in the mouth changes to strategy in several(prenominal) sections and the results we rose again to number three. In the seventh year we do not make changes to our strategy and stay at rank 3. After doing business game above, there are many valuable lessons that I get.\r\nThose lessons were: just about Management Process (Planning, Organizing, Directing, Controlling) In managing a company as a manager or proprietor of a business we mustiness have: a. Planing ? twain long-term planning and short term, this really helps us to determine the strategy or action we should do in the near future or the prep for long-term corporate strategy. b. Organization ? Complete, clear and sheer(a) as one of the supporters because of the company’s â€Å"people are assets of a company”, the view of people with grant knowledge and skills that will facilitate the speedup of the process as well as the trading operations of a company.\r\nIt also must be support by a clear Job definition and detail-enter the obeisanceive functions of the organization. c. Directing ? In the governance of a company also must be supported by rules or standard operating systems or procedures are clear and understood by all line employees. we often call with company regulations, standard operating procedures etc. d. Controlling ? As a manager or owner in a company we still have to implement controls on employee performance, corporate\r\ngovernance, corporate operating costs and market conditions that support the smooth and that we manage the company’s growth periodically. We can also be mak e with checking Monthly Report / Balance Sheet , soften on monthly meetings, etc. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary †View detailed dictionary adjective inside deep indoor indispensable interior profound inland intrinsic hollow thoughtful three-dimensional adverb deeply sound preposition in within on to inside under in the course of prefix endo- 2. closely Management Function (Strategy, Marketing, Operations, finance, Human Resources, etc.\r\n) Strategy ? Corporate strategy should be set appropriately by considering several factors, including supporters of human jacket crown, finance, market share and also that there are competitors in the same type of business with our company. In the governance of a business whitethorn take a few strategies such as for launching a new product inevitably some alleviation strategy, it is necessary whenever the initial strategy does not show results in upper limit then we still have some alternative backup strategy, so it does not requir e a long time to take any action appropriate in market penetration. Marketing ?\r\nAccording to my opinion, the success rate of a company also back with the full functionality of the marketing is true both in the company engaged in the services or products etc. Capable marketing, product master, around the existing market and marketing must knowing the strengths and weaknesses of competitors. Listen Operations ? Operational support from both system and service level aggrement factor in a process of corporate governance is very important. It also needs to be supported with the latest technology. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary †View detailed dictionary\r\nverb hold conduct make organize provide establish arrange carry out throw take set up call launch institute stage put on bring about impose carry on incur exercise levy open put up effect float lay on negotiate afford touch off enmesh stage-manage generate phrase bring into being Finance ? A company can be give tongue to in good condition when to generate maximum profit. As a manager or the owners of a company we should be able to manage our capital versus operating costs required, the greater the profit earned by production costs that are not too large will show the sanitary of a business.\r\nHowever, we also must consider the placement of funds and financial governance of our company, whether already in accordance with the computeing or is not appropriate. In terms of business expansion or major factor that should we consider is the condition of our corporate finance, whether supportive or not, when lack of support but the potential or opportunities that we have a large, one financial source of our business is on loan from the shore with a source of return and specific timeframe. Human Resources ? In addition to the above factors one important thing to note is\r\nthat inadequate human resources that are steady-going and have the skills to suit the needs of the company. A capable leader shoul d be able to determine the sum up of labor requirements and can put the right people-enter the respective divisions within an organization. 3. About Working In Teams To work as a reliable teamwork are some things we have to consider include: Get well-known(prenominal) with either all members of the team, it is useful to the division of tasks and towards solvent hassles that arise. We must be willing to hear opinions of all members of the team in making changes in strategy or action for operasinal company.\r\nExplore more information and opinion that reliable and resonable with the case or problem that we should solving as a good team work, eq. Browsing some data from internet or from any sourches. Putting the right people on the job or responsibilities in accordance with the characteristics of our team members are. Based on the experiences and lessons I got from the business game I have done, I plan to apply some advantages in my workplace. As the leader of my unit : A leader sh ould have strong leadership and enough skills to manage the organization and the company.\r\nPlanning, directing (also mentoring or choaching program) and controlling periodicly to all of my sub ordinate. Delegate some responsibilities to the deputy business with a fixed control function properly . Sharing knowledge to all sub-ordinate, sub-branch manager and exploring new knowledge, new technology and strategy for the success of Bank Mega Cluster Balikpapan Special require employee from another Bank (Manager or Marketing) to help me manage the company and make the vision 1000 of Bank Mega become reality (become the leader bank in Balikpapan †East Kalimantan Indonesia) As a member of my management team :\r\nBeing more creative, proactive and everlastingly have new ideas to supporting the management team More details in objectiveing business opportunities and increase market share. Establishing a reliable team work with 2-way communication is effective and still comfort the opinions of other members of management team Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/business/business-simulation-games-individual-reflection-paper-business-essay. php#ixzz2lej5YvdS REFLECTION PAPER †THE BUSINESS STRATEGY GAME About Management Processes\r\nFrom the Business Strategy Game, I learned that first important process for a company to determine its future business form was to set a strategical and realistic planning about what is the company goal, how long the goal will be achieved and how to achieve the goal among the competition. In background the plan, company should define first what is their mission contestation or strategic vision. This mission statement is a statement which indicates the purposes and activities of the company’s business/goals in brief, clear and focus words.\r\nAlong with mission statement, company must clearly define its objectives quantitatively within certain period. From these quantitative objectives, company could set a reali stic and attainable long term strategic planning to allocate budget and resources in the company. In strategic planning, company should define clearly its target market, financial objective and competitive position among the industry. This strategic planning will be the direction of the company in running its business.\r\nAfter setting the strategic planning, company should design an organization structure to manage the company effectively, by designating persons who will in scud in each roles and held responsibility in each area of the business in the company (marketing, finance, operation, gross sales and so on), in particular the person who will be responsible as the leader of the company (as CEO). The role of CEO is very immanent because he/she must lead company to the right direction in implementing company strategy to achieve company’s objectives.\r\nFrom the clear and effective organization structure, CEO and management will have clear legitimation and agency in d irecting all resources in the company to implement the company’s strategy. Finally, the company should almost and intensively controlling and monitoring the performance of the strategy during implementation to assess its progress against the pre-defined targets and ensure that all the company elements were doing their parts and responsibility in the right track. About Management Functions\r\nIn a company, management should establish the right and important functions which will run the company practicable activities, define what are the responsibilities of each functions and ensure that each functions performed in accordance with the company objectives. In order to give more value to the company in terms of positiveness, management should work together to set a strategy in making company’s output (product or services) more competitive in the market by considering all aspects involved.\r\nAs an example, to gain more profitability company could set pricing strategy to be higher or lower compare to market but before decided the price, company should consider other aspects such as costs, quality and resources needed in creation of the product or services. About Working in Teams In working as a team member in the company, it is very important to determine a clear prenomen about who will act as the leader and the follower. Because if there’s no clear designation, potentially will cause the resources in the company to move to the wrong direction and this will destruct company effort in achieving its objectives.\r\nAs a leader, a person should show the ability to manage and to coach the entire team member to do their tasks properly, and he/she should has willingness to listen and appreciation to his/her followers insights at the same time. And as a follower, one should give respect to the leader and obey the leader decisions. But it is important too for the company to define what is the follower duty assignment and designation, because if it i s not clearly defined, the follower couldn’t perform nor contributed optimally in attaining company’s objective process.\r\nWhat I plan to do in my work place from the experience and lessons I took from the BSG are : As the leader of my unit I will put more effort to be an effective and efficient leader of my unit and will put more awareness to all my team member that our jobs especially in designing the most efficient operational work flow in my company has essential impact in saving the company budget and optimizing company resources which will contributed in achieving the company’s objective especially in financial aspect and giving more value to the customer and shareholder.\r\nAnd moreover I will spend more time and effort to evaluate designation and job translation for each member of my team, to put the right person to the right job and responsibility. If the designation and job description were not fit or not clear to the team member, it will impact to the performance of the working unit itself because each team member do not know exactly what is their role in their working unit. As a member of my management team I will put more consideration and attention about financial impact of any decision that my management made.\r\nFrom the BSG, I see that all activities in each working unit must be contributed and affected to the company strategic planning especially in achieving financial goals. And I will put more respect to any member and any decision of my management team made, even though sometimes the decision seems to be hard to be implement, I will try to see it from wider perspective that the decision must be made deliberately and considered many important aspects which finale is to give more value for the company.\r\n'

'Marketing Concept Summary\r'

'Summary Definition of merchandising grocery store is not manipulating consumers to get them to buy crossings they do not call for and it is not just exchange and advertising. merchandise is a group of activities designed to pelt along transactions by creating, distributing, pricing, and promoting goods, services, and ideas. selling facilitates the exchange, the act of big(p) up one thing in snuff it for something else. The profound focus of trade is to cope with needfully. Example) People is spontaneous to exchange their â€Å"something of value- bullion or credit-for soft drinks, football tickets, or new shoes because you consider those product much valuable or more important than guardianship on to your cash or credit potential. Functions of selling commercialiseing includes many varied and interrelated activities; buying, selling transporting, storing, grading, financing, merchandising research, and risk taking. (Example) Fresh oranges are all available for a few months annually, but consumers admit juice throughout the entire year.Seller must invest for cold storage of orange juice come down so that they can maintain a truehearted supply all of the time. Creating Value with tradeing Marketing creates value, which is an important element of managing long-term customer relationships and follow throughing the market concept. Value is a customer’s native sagaciousness of benefits relative to costs in determine the worth(predicate) of a product. ( guest Value = Customer Benefits †Customer Costs)\r\nAlso you can read this summary â€Â  defend Freedom of Expression on the CampusThe Marketing conceptThe merchandise concept is the idea that an organization should try to action customers’ needs through coordinated activities that similarly furnish it to get to its goals. If a political party does not experience the market concept by providing products that consumers need and want while achieving its own objectives, it quit not survive. (Example) McDonald’s faces increasing pressure to provide more carminative fast-food choices. To keep pace with the customers’ needs, it has eliminated supersized fries and soft drinks and hurl nutritional in goation on its food packaging. It also switched to trans-fat-free cooking oils.Although customer satisfaction is the goal of the marketing concept, a business must also achieve its own objectives, such as boosting productivity, reducing costs, or achieving a percentage of a particular(prenominal) market. If it does not, it will not survive. (Example) Dell sold computer for $50 and give customers a lifetime guarantee, which would be bang-up for customers but not so great for Dell. To implement the marketing concept, a firm must substantiate good information about what consumers want, adopt a consumer orientation, and coordinate its efforts through the entire organization. Developing a Marketing StrategyA marketing strategy i s a send off of action for creating a marketing mix (product, price, distribution, promotion) for a specific set market (a specific group of consumers on whose needs and wants a company focuses its marketing efforts). Some firms use a total-market feeler, designating everyone as the target market. Most firms divide the total market into segments of citizenry who have relatively similar product needs. A company using a concentration undertake develops one marketing stratagem for a mavin market segment, whereas a multi-segment approach aims marketing efforts at wo or more segments, develop a variant marketing stratagem for each. (Example of a total-market approach) Salt, sugar, and many rustic products (Example of market class) Woman, Hispanic, and minority population Key Points and harm Marketing A group of activities designed to expedite transactions by creating, distributing, pricing, and promoting goods, services, and ideas. Exchange The act of giving up one thing (mone y, credit, labor, goods) in return for something else (goods, services, or ideas) ValueA customer’s subjective assessment of benefits relative to costs in determining the worth of a product. (Customer Value = Customer Benefits †Customer Costs) Marketing Concept The idea that an organization should try to satisfy customers’ needs through coordinated activities that also allow it to achieve its own goals. Marketing Orientation An approach requiring organizations to gather information about customer needs, grapple that information throughout the firm, and use that information to support build long-term relationships with customers.Marketing Strategy A curriculum of action for developing, pricing, distributing, and promoting products that meet the needs of specific customers. Market A group of people who have a need, purchasing power, and the desire and authority to spend money on goods, services, and ideas. Target Market A specific group of consumes on whose needs and wants a company focuses its marketing efforts. Total-Market fire An approach whereby a form tries to appeal to everyone and assumes that all buyers have similar needs. Market SegmentationA strategy whereby a firm divides the total market into groups of people who have relatively similar product needs. Market Segment A collection of individuals, groups, or organizations who share one or more characteristics and thence have relatively similar product needs and desires. Concentration Approach A market segmentation approach whereby a company develops one marketing strategy for a single market segment. Multi-segment Approach A market segmentation approach whereby the vendor aims its efforts at two or more segments, developing a marketing strategy for each.\r\n'

'System Migration Plan\r'

' schema Migration Implementation manakin I illusionist Environment On December 16, 2006 the migration of the return informationbase go away take place. It has been deemed necessary to happen upon our Oracle end product database to a more robust host for prox produce. At this time the database resides on a p650 unit that pull up stakes be utilized in arrange two of this migration. Below find the laid emerge plan as it pertains to the move. December 16, 2006:There will be a complete gritup of the real host. December 17, 2006:Starting early that morning, the backup of the brisk server will be restored on to the rude(a) server emulating the current environment.While the restore of the new server is taking place, the breathing server will be set up for the actual move of the existing Oracle database. Step. 1: The mounted file dodging will be un-mounted from the operating brass, at that show after recording all the necessary paths. Step. 2: The volume group that th e file systems reside in will be varied off, and then exported. later this step the database which resides on the EMC Symmetric will no longer exist on the present database server. Step. 3: The server will be whole taken down and power will be listly extinguished. Step. : The remove of the fibber highway control board that leads back to the EMC database location. The data on the EMC/database will go idempotent or accessed at this point. Step. 5: The fibber channel card will then be set(p) in the new server. Step. 6: The new server will then be powered on with the fibber channel card from the nowadays existing server, and then the database will be imported to that server. Step. 7: At this point all the network and fibber connections will be moved to the new cashier from the existing one using the same IP/Hostname to eliminate further configuration changes or delays. Step. : A DBA will be contacted to confirm the migration success, and then the server will be taken down for the data center outage. System Upgrade Recommendation Phase II Oracle Environment As a result of an evaluation of performance and next growth of the present Oracle environments, it was proposed and recommended that the production database server be get aheadd with superfluous mainframes and reminiscence. As phase one, on January twenty-ninth 2006 each Oracle environment received the recommended upgrade as described in the briefing date January 3, 2006 and title: Hardware Upgrade for Oracle Financials in Preparation for OAB and iSupplier Modules.The Oracle environment received the recommended memory and has proved to perform as projected. The production performance server now utilizes 16GB of memory, and the database server has a total of 32GB. In a continued effort to move toward phase two, the following information has been composed and now submitted for evaluation. It is the opinion of the system administrator, utilizing performance tools that the existing system degradation only appears during multiple sop up requests.In short, thread request are granted buy and curb system processors within whatsoever given computing machine environment. To wit, it has been ascertained that during a normal business communicate the system reflects system degradation at any point of a new presented workload introduction. System memory and IO performance proves to be stable plot of ground the now utilized processors show to be at their maximum thread capacity. In today’s environment the production database unit consists of four processors; with the pass to increase this number buy four additional processors facilitating a total of eight.This is projected to improve Dallas County production presently as well as future growth performance. See projected represent on page two. Model Highlights 7038-6M2 The Model 6M2 delivers a cost-efficient growth path to the future with: • 64-bit system scalability in 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-way configurations with the fo llowing processor options: o 2-way 1. 2 gigacycle per second POWER4+ with 8 MB shared out L3 cache per processor card o 2-way 1. 45 GHz POWER4+ with 32 MB shared L3 cache per processor card • Expandability and reliability: System memory expandable from 2 GB to 64 GB o Rack-mounted draughtsman utilizes 8U (EIA Units) o Supports up to eight 7311-D10 or 7311-D20 I/O drawers per server o to each one I/O drawer supports either 6 (for D10) or 7 (for D20) hot-plug PCI bus slots To upgrade to an 8 way system IBM has given a cost of $25,750. 00 2-way 1. 45 GHz POWER4+ with 32 MB shared L3 cache per processor card. The above quote is without any government discount or third party intervention. However, a third party vender’s quotes $9590. Mr. UNIX Sr. UNIX System Administrator\r\n'