Examination of Mrs Wright in Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay -- Susan

Examination of Mrs Wright in Trifles by Susan GlaspellThe play ?Trifles?, by Susan Glaspell , is an examination of the different levels of early 1900?s mid-western farming ordering?s attitudes towards wowork force and equality. The obvious theme in this story is men discounting women?s intelligence and their ability to play a man?s role, as detectives, in the story. A less apparent theme is the empathy the women in the plot find for each other. Looking at the play from this perspective we see a clear-cut set of characters, a plot, and a nett act of sacrifice.The three main characters, Mrs. Peters, the Sheriff?s wife, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Wright are all products of an oppressive society which denies them their right to moot and speak freely, in the case of Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, and denies them their right to a happy, free life as in Mrs. Wright?s case. Throughout the play Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are sufficient to find clues to the motive for the murder from their detai led knowledge of simple housewifery of which the men are ignorant. They also are forced to find an empathy for Mrs. Wright as they compare their have experiences to the clues they discover of her life. In the end this empathy causes them to make a decision which also casts them into the underdog?s lot of women championing for their freedom in the early part of our century. At the opening of the play we find the two women not taking a very active part in the play. In fact, they seem a petty disconcerted to be on the scene of a murder, their only words as they stand by cold-blooded door on a cold night is ?I?m not ? cold.?(1170) The women do not start to take an active role in the story until the county attorney finds the broken bear on jars in the cabinets. ... ... bird and hiding it from the men to save Mrs. Wright. The unity the ladies have found with each other and Mrs. Wright is stated by Mrs. Hale in the final line of the play. ?We call it ? knot it, Mr. Henderson.? (1179) This has a double meaning, one that the ladies were united by their common bond of living in a male controlled world, where men think women are only good for such activities as quilting and housework. Second, that the women are united by their common bond of fighting for each other. Her consultation to knotting the quilt can also be construed as a reference to knotting Mr. Wright?s neck. This final retaliatory remark shows the determination of women in that era to fight for equal rights and sisterhood, no matter what the moral cost.Works CitedGlaspell, Susan. Trifles The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Bedford/St.Martins Boston 2005.

Curiosity :: Essays Papers

CuriosityOne characteristic of Jessica Donnally in the book, Dont Scream, by Joan Lowery Nixon, is curiosity. Jess spends much of her time attempting to find out the details of other peoples lives, and it often gets her in trouble.The main characters in the book are Jessica Donnally, Lori Roberts, sucker Malik and Scott Alexandar. Jess is a normal sixteen-year-old girl with an unsatisfiable curiosity and a great compassion for kids. Lori is Jesss best friend. Mark and Scott have both recently move to Oakberry, Texas.Jess is excited when she learns that there is going to be two new students in her school. When she finds out that one of them, Mark, is moving in next door, she jumps at the chance to agreeable him. Her mom bakes a cake and when Jess takes it over to the Maliks house, she finds out that they are a little different from most families. Mrs. Malik fronts confused and threatened by Jess religious offering her the cake as a welcome gift. However, Mark seems semi-n ormal, and he explains that where his family used to live, in New York, people are non neighborly. Jessica likes Mark despite that she does not know much about him. When she calls Lori, Jess discovers that she is interested in a new student also, Scott.Before the school year starts, Jess and Lori decide to spend one terminal day at the nearby lake. To get to the lake, they take a shortcut through the woods. They are the only ones who know about the shortcut. On the way to the lake, they hold the line at a large rock they had named Castle Rock as children. Instead of continuing on to the lake, Jess and Lori sit on the rock and talk for a while. Then, Jess thinks someone is watching them, and both of them run out of the forest.That night, Jess sees Mark again and is curious about what looks like tree moss on his shoes. She immediately questions him about whether he has ever been in the woods. However, even when Mark says he has never been in the woods, Jess has a herd time believing him. Something in his voice does not seem right.The next morning, Mark asks Jess to walk with him to school. Mark tells her that he has a really bad temper and wants her to help him stay out of trouble.

Human Cloning Should be Permitted Essay -- Human Cloning Essays

Human Cloning Should be PermittedWhat would you say if I told you that scientists had just developed a new procedure that could lead not only to the cure for fecescer, but would provide an unlimited source of organ donors and could lead to the first effective treatment of nerve damage? Now adding on to this scenario lets say that our establishment was taking action to throw away this new procedure because of a few myths and some loud mouthed conservatives. This scenario is true and is taking place with valet copy at this very moment. If you dont act fast this crowning achievement of medical science could be lost forever. This procedure will be both a component part to science and a betterment of the human beings race. Human cloning will provide unlimited benefits to our species and should be legal. This paper is intended to educate you to the many benefits of human cloning before it is banned due to ignorance. Now before you read any further I would like to ask you to f orget any myth, subtitle or science fiction that you might have heard about cloning. The cloning of humans could be the greatest achievement of medical science, it could lead the way to the solution to some of humanitys greatest problems. Every year hundreds of thousands of Americans die from cancer making it the second most common cause of death in the linked states. However, through cloning and other forms of genetic inquiry scientists are all ready learning all kinds of important information about the genetic contain up of cancer and before long we may have the cure for cancer. Though the cure for cancer is reason enough not to ban cloning it is by no marrow the only benefit this new technology could create for the medical field. With human cloning ... ...d benefits come from a field of research and in order for our society to better itself through science we must be open minded to new ideas and procedures and be so quick to ban them before we have the chance to truly let the benefits come forth. Human Cloning is possibly the answer to some of our eras toughest scientific problems and should by no means be stopped before we even learn what it can do. I have already told you many reasons why cloning should be legal and I hope you have gained a better understanding of this remarkable new procedure. The evidence I have presented is certainly more than enough reasons to support human cloning. however, my strongest argument is the look of pain and anguish on the face of parents who have just lost a child. I think that if human cloning can save the life of just one of these children then it is a worthwhile endeavor.

The Theme of Carpe Diem in Robert Herricks To the Virgins to Make Much

The Theme of Carpe Diem in Robert Herricks To the Virgins to Make Much of Time Robert Herricks song, To the Virgins to Make Much of Time, focuses on the idea of carpe diem. more(prenominal) specifically, in this poem the idea of marriage while love and flesh are still young should be heeded or one may bear in their later years alone and loveless. Herrick suggests that this gift of virginity might be a great waste if not given while it is still desirable. Virginity is a gift for the simple reason that it can only be given once to the taker of the prize, which he believes should be the husband. Therefore, he says to go out and find husbands, for early days is not perpetual and will eventually succumb to old age and loneliness. Through Herricks use of colorful imagery and personification, the reader detects a sense of indispensableness and duty for the virgins to go forth and marry while time is still at hand and love is bountiful, thus creating the overall idea of carpe diem.The first stanza of the poem opens to the personification of the flowers as the virginsGather ye Rose-buds while ye may,Old Time is still a flyingAnd this same flower that smiles today,To morrow will be dying. (ll. 1-4)The rosebuds correspond to the virgins in that they are beautiful and delicate, yet they have not reached their full potential and maturity by becoming full bloomed roses. Time is also personified as, Old Time, which suggests a genial greybeard more than a drab reaper (Rollin 83). Time is still a flying suggests a comical image more than sullen but still one of urgency (Rollin 83). The image of the smiling flower indicates innocence and freshness but it only smiles today, To morrow it will be dying. A grim and abrupt end comes to t... ...s across his idea of carpe diem in a very understandable way. The images used were easily comprehended, and the poem was often comical. His advice is very typical of a charismatic man who easily can manipulate words in his favor. One illustration that came across from this poem was one of entertainment, and not surprisingly more often than not on the behalf of men. I can imagine the laughter this poem would draw from women in a bar if a man attempted to use these arguments as pick-up lines. Yet, the message does have a serious light in that time should not be taken for granted. Something that one may possess today, such as beauty or youthfulness, will eventually succumb to old age. Experience things while they are still fresh and untouched, for later on one may regret not having done so.Works CitedRollin, Roger B. Robert Herrick. New York Twayne Publishers, 1992. 83-84.

How Tv Impacts Teens :: essays research papers

Bud...Weis... Er This is a phrase that teenagers hear everyday. Where do they hear this? They hear it on TV. It is a phrase usaged in a commercialized for beer. This phrase is used to attract peoples attention including teenagers. This is one of many problems with TV these days. TV teaches teens the wrong material. Some of the other problems with TV allow in fierceness and dialogue. When it comes to commercials on TV, people think of the cola wars between Pepsi and Coca-Cola, or maybe they think of the famous Energizer bunny. However, there be also commercials for beer and cigarettes. These are items that could be fatal in some cases. Yet, these items are advertised on TV for teenagers to see. Commercials for beer or cigarettes arent to pursue just adults, but to pursue adolescents as well. The tobacco companies and alcoholcompanies know that teens are the age group who are most vulnerable, therefore these large industries target their ads towards teens. For example, there is a commercial for Molson ice a brand of beer that use teens in their ad. The ads scenario is a high school party where teens are having fun while drinking beer. So what are teenagers going to think? They will think that if they drink beer they will have as much as the teens in the commercial. As a bequeath of adolescentsdrinking there will be violence.Where do teens learn the concept of violence? Where else but TV. There is definitely way too much violence on television. For example on cable networks such as HBO or Showtime, there are bear witnesss that are built around violence. Shows such as OZ. This show is about prisoners who fight and kill for the sake of fighting and killing. These kinds of shows cause teens to be violent. Teens see only one way of dealing with their problems and instead dealing with obstacles peacefully, they use their fists, knives, or even guns. Another result of violence on TV is the formation of gangs. Teenage gangs exist throughout the state of New York , including the peaceful township of Port Washington, where I live. So now people will receivedize that violent teens is due to the violenceon TV.A third problem with TV is the dialogue. Adolescents today learn more grammar mistakes then ever before. The grammar problems are a result of watching TV shows that use too many slang words and phrases instead of real English.

How Tv Impacts Teens :: essays research papers

Bud...Weis... Er This is a phrase that teenagers hear everyday. Where do they hear this? They hear it on TV. It is a phrase social occasiond in a commercial for beer. This phrase is used to attract peoples attention including teenagers. This is one of many problems with TV these days. TV teaches teens the wrong material. Some of the other problems with TV include violence and dialogue. When it comes to commercials on TV, people theorise of the cola wars between Pepsi and Coca-Cola, or maybe they think of the famous Energizer bunny. However, there are also commercials for beer and cigarettes. These are items that could be fatal in some cases. Yet, these items are advertised on TV for teenagers to see. Commercials for beer or cigarettes arent to pursue just adults, sole(prenominal) when to pursue adolescents as well. The tobacco companies and alcoholcompanies know that teens are the age group who are most vulnerable, therefrom these large industries target their ads towards teen s. For example, there is a commercial for Molson Ice a brand of beer that use teens in their ad. The ads scenario is a high aim party where teens are having fun while drinking beer. So what are teenagers going to think? They will think that if they drink beer they will have as much as the teens in the commercial. As a result of adolescentsdrinking there will be violence.Where do teens learn the concept of violence? Where else but TV. There is definitely way too much violence on television. For example on cable networks such as HBO or Showtime, there are shows that are built around violence. Shows such as OZ. This show is about prisoners who fight and kill for the sake of fighting and killing. These kinds of shows cause teens to be violent. Teens see only one way of dealing with their problems and instead dealing with obstacles peacefully, they use their fists, knives, or even guns. Another result of violence on TV is the formation of gangs. adolescent gangs exist throughout the sta te of New York, including the peaceful town of Port Washington, where I live. So now people will realize that violent teens is delinquent to the violenceon TV.A third problem with TV is the dialogue. Adolescents today make more grammar mistakes then ever before. The grammar problems are a result of watching TV shows that use too many slang words and phrases instead of real English.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fast Food Essay

Food that we eat today has changed more in the past 30 years, than in the past 3,000 years. What is even more astonishing is that these changes have occurred without the existence even k instantering it or having the chance to debate it. How has this happened? We ar now a culture that is very distant from where our provender comes from. We are alienated from our food industry. We dont see how the food is made or what chemicals, food coloring or fillers are added to them and this screw be very dangerous for us. debauched food companies are especially guilty of wanting to hide information of how their food was made. Many would be in disbelief if they knew where their burgers and chicken nuggets really came from. With the popularity of the immobile food chains and trying to make meals degenerateer and cheaper, animals are now raised different. Birds now live in one building for their entire feeling until slaughter. Chickens are fed grains with antibiotics and arsenic to help th em to grow faster and bigger.Chickens have become so obese from the feed and not having any space to base on balls in, they are having heart attacks and dying among the other chickens. In the hog facility, you will see thousands of hogs in one building their entire life. They will n incessantly reside the fresh air outside nor spend time in the outdoor sun and eat off the land. In addition, the cattle are given proceeds hormones in their ears to help them grow faster. solid food is convenient and a popular part of American culture. Although fast food is sometimes criticized for being unhealthy, fast food does have its advantages. What is Fast Food?Fast food refers to food that is prepared quickly. It is normally served at a counter or drive-thru window indoors minutes of placing an order. Fast food establishments typically do not employ wait staff. Customers simply seat themselves after ordering.Fast Food Saves Time Fast food saves time in todays fast-paced society. People can o rder fast food on their way to or from pass away, without ever leaving their car. Fast food is also designed to come in small packaging so that people can consume it while traveling. at large(p) on the Wallet Eating fast food can save a lot of money for large families, students and anyone else looking to eat out without respite the bank. Many fast food chains contribute discount menus with foods costing a dollar or less. Customers also avoid having to leave a tinge when they choose a fast food establishment over a typical restaurant.Getting Healthier Many fast food places now offer healthier options to keep up with popular demand. In addition to typical fast food favorites such as burgers and fries, most fast food places now offer healthy alternatives such as salads, grilled chicken, yogurt, fruit and wraps.Popular Places to Find Fast Food Some of the most popular fast food chains include McDonalds, Wendys, Taco Bell, KFC, Burger King, Sonic, In-N-Out Burger, Subway, Arbys and D unkin Donuts. Facts About the Dangers of Eating Fast FoodThe convenience, price and predictability of fast food makes it a frequent meal pickax for many people. However, as consumption of fast food has risen over the last three decades, so too have occurrences of several health issues and diseases relate to fast food and unhealthy eating habits. Eaten regularly, fast food can put you at an plusd risk for developing diabetes, heart disease or obesity.Fast Food Contributes to Obesity Fast food is a major contributor to rising occurrences of obesity. Calorie-laden fast food meals can contain nearly a full days worth of calories and fat and, eaten regularly, can increase your chances of obesity. According to CBS News Health Watch, almost one-third of U.S children between the ages of 4 and 19 consume fast food which, depending on the regularity which with fast food is eaten, can cause a 6-pound weight increase per year.Fast Food increases Diabetes along with obesity, consumption of fa st food has been linked to an increased chance of developing Type 2 Diabetes. In Type 2 Diabetes, either your body is uneffective to regulate blood sugar with insulin, or is unable to produce insulin. Increased body fat, along with a high-sugar and high-carbohydrate diet, can increase your bodys opponent to insulin, which monitors your blood sugar levels. An article published by the US Department of Health and Human Services states that people who ate fast food cardinal or more times per week were twice as likely to experience insulin resistance.Fast Food is High in Sodium Fast food is typically very high in sodium. A large order of fast food french fries can contain as much(prenominal) as 30% of your daily value of sodium. While important to consume in small amounts, a diet high in sodium can lead to high blood pressure, a potential precursor to heart disease. As excess sodium builds up in your bloodstream, your heart must work harder to pump blood successfully, which can cause hypertension and high blood pressure. Regularly consuming foods high in sodium can greatly increase your chances of developing high blood pressure.Fast Food is Low in Nutrients Many fast food are low in nutrients. Hamburgers served on dust coat bread, french fries and other high-carbohydrate sides and fried or high-fat meats are common fast food menu items, and all lack important nutrients such as vitamins found in fresh produce, fiber found in whole grains and protein served without added fat. Foods which are high in sugar and carbohydrates but low in nutrients are also often less filling than healthier options, and can lead to overeating. Furthermore, non-nutritious fast food several times per week can impact your nil levels and mood, and may put you at risk for vitamin deficiencyThe Dangers of Fast Food The fast food industry has added every chemical possible that they can lawfully get away with to addict people to their food. In fact, if you eat fast food and you stop eating it, you actually go through withdrawal symptoms. Its like a drug. Not only that, the preservatives are so high in these fast food burgers these days that the product does not even split up down. Fast food has been linked in the increase in obesity in both adults and children. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in our country, particularly in children.

Essay 2

The Changes of Life Love, relationship, and sacrifice are very common in a relationship between two people. In the short stories of Tommy by Kelly pathos Winter and The Night of Oranges by Flavius Stan shows these themes that the characters go through. However, in that respect are also differences between the two stories and how they interact with their fared ones. For instances, Winter continued in love with Tommy throughout her life and Stan shows his love for his brother by buying a gift for him on Christmas.It shows their sacrifice they made to prove their love for them. Winter and Stan two expresses their love and sacrifice yet they displayed it in a variant way. The stories Tommy and The Night of Oranges are about love and relationships. However, in both stories the characters have a different relationship. In Tommy the relationship between the characters are a boy and a girl love. When Tommy was eight years old, he expresses his feelings toward Winter by tapping his shoes to get at the sound I love you (Winter 27).In The Night of Oranges the relationship between the characters are fraternal. Stan shows his love for his brother by buying oranges for him as a gift for Christmas. When Stan hears that there were oranges that are selling at the market he thought he wanted to do something important and give his brother a big storm (Stan 31). The characters in both stories are very loving towards their loved ones and would do anything to make them happy.

Differentiate Between Different Learning Styles

What is scholarship elbow room- The various preferences and methods employed by learners in the process of learning. Every individual have different elbow room and techniques of learning. Some pile may find that they have a dominant demeanor of learning, with far less rehearse of the other styles. Others may find that they use different styles in different circumstances. There is no right mix. Nor are your styles fixed. You can develop ability in less dominant styles, as soundly as further develop styles that you al cony use well.So the best way to learn always depends on the person by finding his own style of learning style. We have different kinds of learning styles. Differentiation between different learning styles- There are three main types of learning styles auditory, visual, and kinesthetic. Most people learn best through a combination of the three types of learning styles, but everybody is different. Auditory Learners Hear Auditory learners would rather listen to thing s being explained than read about them.Reciting information out loud and having music in the background may be a common study method. Other noises may live a distraction resulting in a need for a relatively quiet place. Visual Learners See Visual learners learn best by feeling at graphics, watching a demonstration, or reading. For them, its easy to look at charts and graphs, but they may have difficulty focusing era sense of hearing to an explanation. Kinesthetic Learners TouchKinesthetic learners process information best through a hands-on experience. Actually doing an activity can be the easiest way for them to learn. Sitting still while studying may be difficult, but writing things down makes it easier to understand. First is called visual in which we use and prefer mostly pictures and spatial understanding, while act is Aural in which we prefer to listen sounds and music on order to learn something effectively.Third is verbal, in this type of learning we use wordings and sp eeches. Fourth, Physical, in this type of learning we use a sense of touch and body language. Fifth is Logic, in which we prefer using reason and logic arguments. The sixth kind of learning style is social this is one of the common types of learning style in which we prefer to learn in groups. Lastly, Solitary is the last kind of learning style in which individuals work and study alone to learn in their own style. www. scibd. com

Cornucopia of Disability Information

When we attempt to label tribe with disabilities we are faced with a truly broad spectrum of issues and concerns. There are millions of passel suffering from various disabilities. The number of disabled individuals world-wide is sky-rocketing. As we consider the connection amid conceit and social compress sensations for a disabled individual, how many variables must be considered in determining the ruttish drawbacks associated in the attempts at social adaptation and self- revere for a disabled soulfulness? There are over 50% of our over-65 years of age individuals that have roughly level of a damage. Thats 32 million peopleOn top of this, 33 million people of all ages are labeled as severely disabled and in need of special day-to-day assistance. genus Cancer and heart disease are the leading causes of impairment in the United States. Chronic pain suffers accounts for 86 million Ameri apprises, which falls in line basis cancer and heart disease. When we look at long-ter m severe disabilities, stroke is the leader. Heres a few more than statistics 1. 5 million Americans produce traumatic brain injury annually About 11,000 United States individuals suffer traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) Approximately 230,000 people live with SCI in the United StatesSome individuals have unique stresses that hinder strong self-esteem. First, its critical to point out that a disability can range from dyslexia to mental illness to physical and cognitive impairments. They whitethorn have physical handicaps, attention deficit problems, or emotional disturbances. This can be compounded social pressure of ethnicity, race, or even environmental issues such(prenominal) as poverty or alcoholism in a family. However, regardless of some hotshots setback in lifewhether they are verbal or non-verbal, suffer emotional disturbances, or paralysiseveryone can develop positive self-esteem.How a individual feels about themselves is the throttle valve toward making a happy, su ccessful life. For, every individual has a right to be happy. Its a choice, not something you have to earn. No one can ever prepare that away from someone. Unless the social pressures of adapting to society gets in the way. The late Christopher Reeve is an excellent example of someone who never al outseted a physical disability to transmute his smiling presence. Mr. Reeve believed that there is something positive to be gained out of every experience in life. His loss of motor functioning did not alter the empowering self-esteem he carried to his dying day.Even when the odds were stacked against him, he continued to promote how valuable life is, and he cherished it. Self-esteem, however, for many people suffering from disabilities can cause havoc on their own life. Emotions can drain people to a state where they physically shutdown, losing desire. This desire can be in direct relation to social pressure. For our youth, peer pressure can have an overwhelming impact on performance, b oth in school and on the home front. For individuals who suffer from a learning disability, their differences, regardless of how small or large, can magnify the issue of social pressures.Once the social pressure is felt, its emotional weight can create other problems. There is a connection between social pressures and low self-esteem For, we must also consider environmental and social stresses like poverty, neglect, or parents suffering from alcoholism. All of this can destroy a disabled persons self-esteem. These environmental concerns and social pressures can take its toll and destroy hope. Sometimes hope is the main factor fueling disabled people as they attempt to hurdle lifes self-esteem challenges.An individual with poor self-esteem might be more inclined to settle for lesser accomplishments, both, in the classroom settings and in life. He or she may suffer through humiliation, depression, and lack of ability to earn respect from others. At the same time, low self-esteem can m ake a disabled person seek favor from social groups to gain a sense of belonging. Many times, however, this may not be positive or healthy. For example, drug and alcohol blackguard can pressure any individual, and those with disabilities face even greater challenges due to the separation they feel through social pressures in peer groups.Hearing impairment, for example, in some disabled individuals can lead to denial. As a hearing impaired individual struggles to socially adapt, he or she is bound to face esteem issues. Here, its the social stigma of succeeding in society that fosters this lack of self-esteem. The extra effort required to communicate in society causes social pressure and can, in turn lead to depression. About 100 million people nation-widethats 40%are affected by hearing loss, in one way or another. This statistic is rather staggering. For the disabled population, hearing loss create a greater percentage of psychological problems than other disabilities.True, it is apparent that there is a connection between self-esteem and social pressure but there are underlying problems that must be considered. Firstly, part of dilemma surrounding disabled individuals in relation to self- esteem and social pressures is unsubstantiatedthe results are mixed. This inconsistency is based on parental perceptions (Gresham & Reschly, 1986 Sater & French, 1989), teacher perceptions (Bursuck, 1989 McKinnery, McClure, & Feagan, 1982), and peer perceptions (Garrett & Crump, 1980 Kistner & Gatlin, 1989 Vaughan, Hogan, Kouzekanani, & Shapiro, 1990).Among the above three perceptions, some of the studies found positive results and some were negative. Thus, according to these statistics, there is conclusive evidence that these parallels are unfounded. On top of this, there are also differences found between various males and females in relation to self-concept, as well as students in regular and special education classes. The topic of mainstreaming further blurs this evide nce. So, even though self-esteem issues are apparent within the spectrum of the disabled, similar self-esteem issues are apparent in the mainstreamed individual.Thus, it is unfair to label the disability as the reason for low self-esteem. Secondly, from another stance, in order for people to feel self-esteem they must rate themselves against a set of criteria. They rate themselves in comparison to other peoples successes. Often times, people can feel good about themselves if they succeed at something. However, the problem comes when we dont measure up to that success. Also, is it genuinely hard to feel good about yourself just because you are a kind, decent person?This is another challenge to interpreting self-esteem and how it affects disabled or non-disabled people. Also, what makes a person feel down about themselves? It goes back to the measuring device. So, the act of rating oneself becomes the real issue that can lead to emotional problems such as depression. Its the measurin g device that sets up loss of self-esteem. When we consider all this, the whole issue surrounding self-esteem and social pressure becomes more of an issue of an individual and himself, and not an issue of how social pressures affect an individual and his self-esteem.

Democracy and the news Essay

This paper will look at the different ways the media reflects and affects society by examining the various consanguinitys that exists amidst the media, the recount and the citizens. It will firstly define delineate destinationinuss, allowing for controversial words to have a specific and continuing definition throughout the paper. Three key ideas, centering around the relationships between the media and the conjure up, will make up the major part of this paper namely how the media affects the state, how the state affects the media and failed attempts by the media to affect the state. Examples of each concept being discussed will be included, showing the notion in practice. Relationships between the media and citizens will overly be examined and discussed, again utilise examples to show each in action. The relationship between the media and citizens will be discussed, examining the ability of the media to influence the domain, the mans ability to influence the media and fa iled attempts of the media to influence the public. The conclusion of this paper will period the role of the media indoors society, how it operates and different functions it both performs, and attempts to perform.The media is a constantly changing medium. It includes television, newspapers, magazines, journals, radio, cinema, advertisements, and interactive multi-media. It screw also include the Internet, video games, mobile phones and computers ( OShaughnessy & Stadler, 2002 ). No undisputable definition of the term media exists, however, for the purpose of this paper the following definition given by OShaughnessy and Stadler ( 2002 ), will be understood as conclusive.The media be technologically developed and economically profitableforms of human communication, held both in public or private will power,which can transmit assureation and entertainment crossways time and space tolarge groups of hatful ( OShaughnessy & Stadler, 2002 Pg 4 ).A democracy is the notion that pow er and authority is vested in the people, ( Singleton et al, 2000 Pg 4 ). In Australia, citizens select for representatives that make up the parliament, and the party holding the majority form Government. Government operates at three levels Commonwealth, state and local. Parliamentary members argon held accountable and trustworthy for their actions, and many institutions designed to check and balance power exists to ensure this occurs.Citizen is defined in The Macquarie Dictionary ( 1994 ) as being a member, native or naturalized, of a state or nation, ( Pg 187 ) and will adopt this definition throughout this paper.The print and electronic medias ability to transmit information both quickly and widely crossways society allows the media to successfully enact the role of public watchdog ( Wheeler, 1997 Pg 238 ). The media feeds citizens information. The public is informed of what occurs around them and abroad, who their politicians are, how they look and sound and important is sues being suggested, debated and implemented within government. Politician journalist relationships are inherently collusive. Each needs the other to achieve their objectives ( Franklin 1998 ). Politicians require the services of journalists for their messages to reach the general public and journalists need politicians in localise to cover politics ( Ward 2002 ). The relationship between the state and the mass media can quickly become vulnerable. The media holds a particular power, which can moot it become an agenda setter for society.Not only politicians realise the importance of the media as a platform from which to speak. Pressure groups seek out the media in order to publicize their objectives. Those that successfully use the media acquire a community status, which has the potential to morph into a political status, from which opposition to political ideals, occurrences or similar can be passed on to citizens. Examples of such groups include Friends of the Earth, Greenpeac e and Amnesty. These groups can become oppositional spokesmen to government form _or_ system of government, sources of information and social commentators on legislation or policy ( Negrine, 1989 Pg 163 ). The media uses these groups as an officialauthority, as they are recognized and respected organisations within the greater community, a status gained through use of the media itself.Examples exist where journalists can be seen as propaganda agents for politicians. The term manufacturing consent is described by Robinson ( 2002 ) as the power of the government to set the news media agendas, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 12 ). Entman ( 1991 ), examines an example of this with devil incidents from the 1980s. The medias contradictory handling of two aircraft shoot-downs, the Korean Airline and Iran Air, despite case similarities, proved the presence of political persuasiveness.Both subjected in a large loss of civilian life, and both were the result of military mistakes. The Iran Air s hoot-down for which the US was answerable, was described in terms of a technical failure, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 13 ). The Korean Airline shoot-down, effected by the USSR, was frame in as a moral outrage, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 13 ). The US media covered these two incidents as instructed to by US administrations and, says Entman ( 1991 ), chose to neither challenge nor criticize the facts presented to them by the state ( Robinson, 2002 ).The combination of Western governments intervening during humanitarian crises, and the considerable media attention given to dire circumstances abroad, saw the relationship between the media and the state linked as modify factors, namely with the media encouraging the state to intervene ( Robinson, 2002 ). This trend became know as the CNN effect ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 1 ). Media insurance coverage was proclaimed to influence policy-makers, resulting as either a necessary or sufficient factor in producing a particular outcome, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 37 ). The CNN effect ( Robinson, 2002 ) adheres to the fact that definitive policy decisions lie with the policy makers, but media coverage can encourage policy makers to see that a decision is attained ( Robinson, 2002 ).An example of media coverage contributing to humanitarian intervention is that which became known as Operation Deliberate Force , an action led progressively by the US into Bosnia between 1992 and 1995. The war in Bosnia was the biggest conflict resulting from the dissolution of the federalRepublic of Yugoslavia ( FRY ). Bosnia broke away from the undermined FRY and fighting began in 1991 between Bosnian government forces on one hand, and Bosnian Serb nationalists and Yugoslav multitude on the other. The latter two intent on creating ethnically pure regions in Bosnia ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 73 ). Pressure mounted in the US for intervention and as the war continued, US involvement increased, culminating in 1995 when the US became directly involved with the Bosnia war. This occurred after the 1994 Sarajevo market place bombing.The media expelled a do something ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 82 ) attitude and it came at a time when US policy-makers were unsure of just how much force they should exude. Holbrooke ( 1999 ) believes a CNN effect ultimately persuaded the US to act. The eventual response that came from the US was a threatened use of massive force, should the Serb nationalists fail to cease actions against civilians. The reason the West finally, belatedly intervened was heavily related to news media coverage, ( Holbrooke, 1999 Pg 20 ). Media influence, however, cannot entirely be held responsible for the US intervention. Avoidance of a humiliating UN withdrawal, along with the credibility and competence of the US can also be considered contributing factors. ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 85 )The media can also attempt to set an agenda and fail. When politicians are certain of their policy, media coverage can have virtually no influence in encouraging a policy change ( Robinson, 2002 ). The war in Kosovo, also a result of the FRY dissolution, proved an area of much controversy between US administrations and the media. Albanian Kosovars, discourage with a lack of international support, supported a Kosovo Liberation Army ( KLA ). KLA attacks on Serb forces were answered with considerable force, which included civilian targets ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 94 ). Two contingency plans were fixed upon the deployment of ground troops, and the use of air strikes, and were to go ahead should Serb forces continue attacks against Albanian civilians. US air strikes prevailed, but appeared to have little affect on the Serbian military.The US media became critical of the actions undertaken, and it became clear that the general community consensus lent toward a group campaign into Kosovo. It was concluded by Robinson, ( 2002 ) that although a large section of media coverage in the US encouraged the deployment of ground troops, it added little pressure on the government todo so ( Robinson, 2002 ). Not all media outlets chose to criticize the policy-makers however, and a nonage were seen supporting air attacks, ( Robinson, 2002 Pg 109 ). This example shows that although a CNN effect was clearly present, it failed in its attempt to influence policy change.Two theories suggest ways of understanding the relationship between the media and society. Firstly, it is suggested the media reflect the realities, determine, and norms of a society. The media act as a mirror of society ( OShaughnessy & Stadler, 2002 Pg 28 ). Secondly, it can be said that the media affect how people gestate, believe, and behave. The media construct our values for us and have a direct effect on our actions ( OShaughnessy & Stadler, 2002 ). Both theories will be discussed.The media role includes both identifying issues of public concern, as well as acting as check on the abuse of power, this generally being political power.Journalists describe society to itse lf. They seek truth. They transmitinformation, ideas and opinions They search, disclose, record,question, entertain, suggest and remember. They inform citizens andanimate democracy ( White, 1996 Pg 288 ).It is important to note that journalists, similarly to politicians, are held accountable for what they report. Accountability engenders trust, ( White, 1996 Pg 288 ). Journalists in Australia are answerable to a self-regulatory and attention funded board known as the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance.The media often influences and reflects the priorities of communities or societies.The media is reliant on advertisements for revenue. In order to bring in businesses to advertise, the outlet must attract consumers. This sees mediaoutlets selling the news, opinions and human-interest pieces that appeal to the values, opinions and sense of the greater market, namely, the readers and viewers.Increasingly, it is impossible to discuss the media without broaching the subject of pub lic relations. Public relations professionals are most apt at using the media to suit their needs. They create the stories and feed the media with them, highlighting those facts they wish known, and keeping the undesirable ones hidden. If a cause requires the attention of the general public, it is possible to entice the media to cover it by creating newsworthy conditions. Politicians employ public relations professionals, who are often professional journalists, to liaise with the media.Obligations of the media to the citizen are to represent, interpret and evaluate ( OShaughnessy & Stadler, 2002 ). The majority of citizens receive their fellowship of global issues through media outlets. The media explains these occurrences to the general public, giving them an understanding of what they may not otherwise know. The media can be seen as an educational tool, giving understanding of the norms, values and realities of society to citizens ( OShaughnessy & Stadler, 2002 ). The real power of the media lies in its ability to agenda set ( Ward, 2002 Pg 404 ). The media may not be able to tell people what to think but .. they are remarkably successful in telling audiences what issues to think about, ( Cohen, 1963 Pg 13 ). The media can act as societys definer, giving essence and understanding to situations and occurrences.Although the definitions and explanations may not necessarily reflect the attitudes of the subject experts , the power of the media can quickly see misinformation become the general consensus. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks, the term terrorism has been misinterpreted within the media, and used to describe what academics in the field would not label as terrorism. Debate is strong regarding the issues of media censorship, with allegations, arising more and more frequently, regarding violent, sexually intelligible and disturbing films, comics, song lyrics, Internet sites and books. Misdemeanor behaviour is often said to have been motiva ted and inspired by such mediums.In Australias res publica referendum held in 1999, 18 of Australias 20 daily newspapers supported a Yes vote, ( Ward, 2002 Pg 404 ). Despite this, the majority of Australians voted against Australia becoming a republic. Media scholars are alive(predicate) that media campaigns will not alter political views of those with existing political opinion and loyalties. An increasing minority however, are influenced by media propaganda and media content may prove important during elections in the more marginal seats ( Ward, 2002 Pg 404 ). The example of the republic referendum could be seen as an attempted, and ultimately failed, use of the CNN effect on society._________________________________________________The above discussion is in reference to situations within western democracies. Other political systems, including dictatorships and less democratic regimes, eg. Zwimbabe, USSR, and China use the media differently, tending to control opinion and pol itical views, and thereby dictating public viewpoints. Prior to the recent elections in Russia, many of the non-government television stations were taken over or shut down, and had to change their influence and affiliations before being allowed to broadcast again. This saw the public denied access to media that presents a point of view different to that which the government wants citizens to have. Hitler shut down all newspapers during his leadership and produced his own, preaching his messages to the masses, this undoubtedly contributing to the large number of Germans that became Nazis.Media ownership is an essential element in this debate, and it is vital to recognize the regulations regarding media ownership in Australia. The federal government of 1986 sought to ensure that media ownership remained as diverse as possible. A person owning a television license cannot at the same time own more than 15 per cent of a newspaper published in the same city ( Singleton et al, 2000 Pg 30 8 ). 1992, however, saw legislation altered to allow more than 15 per ownership, provided the owner is deemed not to be in control ( Singleton et al, 2000 Pg 308 ). In a democratic society it is always possible for the alternative point of view to be presented, and for the most part, all sides of debates are considered.The media affects and reflects. It can act as an agent of propaganda and it can set the agenda. It can influence, or be influenced. The media, the state and the citizens are interdependent, each needing and using the other to inform and be informed. Western democracies will continue to see a balance within the media and the information it contains, as media ownership laws ensure the media remains democratic.BIBLIOGRAPHYCohen, B. 1963. The Press and contrasted Policy. New Jersey Princeton University Press.Entman, R. 1991. Framing US Coverage of International News Contrasts in Narratives of the KAL and Iran Air Incidents . Journal of Communication 41(4)6 27.Holbroo ke, R. 1999. No Media No War. big businessman on Censorship, 28(3) 20-1.Negrine, Ralph. 1989. Politics and the Mass Media in Britain. London Routledge.OShaughnessy, Michael & Stadler, Jane. 2002. Media and Society, An Introduction. 2nd Edition. Victoria Oxford University Press.Robinson, Piers. 2002. The CNN Effect The myth of news, foreign policy and intervention. London Routledge.Singleton, Aitkin, Jinks & Warhurst. 2000. Australian Political Institutions. 6th Edition. Malaysia Pearson Education Australia Pty Limited / Longman.Ward, Ian. 2002. Media Power. Government, Politics, Power and Policy in Australia. Summers, John ( Ed ). NSW Pearson Education Australia Pty Limited / Longman.Wheeler, Mark. 1997. Politics and the Mass Media. Oxford BlackwellPublishers Ltd.White, Sally. 1996. Reporting in Australia. 2nd Edition. South Yarra MacMillan Publishers Australia Pty Limited.

Art Appreciation Essay

While it is and can be said that what wile is truly up to the viewer to interprete is true it is up to the fine cunningist to display his definition of art. Thru his acquirements of observation, conception, he displays to his thoughts and feelings condensed. Whatever their medium maybe it be painting, sculpture, or whatever of the many new(prenominal)s. The world may or may not agree what art is, but the gradeing is true. It is with in the shopping malls of the beholder. The definition of Art has been a long debated topic I society. Some say that beauty is in the eye of the beholder.These being the case several(prenominal) people have tried to put a definition of it into words. One definition listed is an occupation requiring knowledge or skill, and goes on to say the conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the mathematical production of aesthetic objects also works so produced (Merriam-Webster, 2012). as well as a far more simple worded, yet complex in thought definition is Art is form and content (Shelly Esaak, 2012). While both say two seemingly different things, they are part of the ever evolving definition and essence of Art.There are several types of art with in this paper I will cover eight types. They include painting, sculpture, architecture, photography, printmaking, conceptual art, installation art, and performance art. While these are a small cross section of art, they are classic pieces. The first example is painting. While there are several noticed painters and examples of their work, the example I chose to give is The Adoration of the Shepherds, painted by Andrea Mantegna (1450).This piece is shortly on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in natural York City. While this piece does fit the definition of works so produced, what about the bear? While painted in the Middle Ages, Mantegna couldnt have been able to witness the birth of Christ. He draws from the biblical tale of the birth and his own imaginati on to paint a portrait of the veneration of the lord, as well as his parents doting over him. He uses his skill to not only paint the adoration in the foreground, but also the landscape for miles. The wayMantegna paints the entire picture, while he could not have been there having happened centuries before, displays he posses the skill and imagination to product a true masterpiece even though he was only in his early twenties. One of the most widely known sculpture pieces is The intellect by Auguste Rodin (1902). The painting was originally do to be a piece included in his Gates of Hell, a mass door made for the Paris Museum of Art (www. statue. com, 2012). While Rodin completed the sculpture he saw something greater in the form and made it stand alone piece.Rodin applied his skill and creative imagination to craft and see the greater potential within the sculpture. Although not talked about as paintings and sculpture Architecture is a form of art as well. One of the most highly noted Architects is Frank Lloyd Wright. Applying his personal motto of Form follows function (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, 2012), he applied the artist eye to everything he created from building to furniture. One of his most noted pieces, the house at Falling Water. Wright used his skill and experience to craft the large stone house at the familys request.Although the family originally wanted the home to face the falls Wright chose to have it located on top of the falls as an integral part of the structure (http//www. fay-west. com/fayette/fallingwater, 2005). Ansel Adams integrated his keen observation and use of skill to capture the rugged land of the western United States during the period of 1916 to his death in 1986 (http//www. anseladams. com/ansel-adams-information/ansel-adams-biography, 2012). He took several photographs of the west, but is most renowned for his photos of Sierra Nevada Mountains.Adams took photos of the wildlife and terrain, and using his skill and depth of knowledge of the medium he was a major contributing factor to the conservation of Yosemite National Park and the Serria Nevada Mountains. Although famous for numerous reasons, Andy Warhol was also a highly commended Printmaking Artist. Using his highly creative imagination and skill he took everyday objects such(prenominal) as soup cans and even people and made art of them. He refined a process involving projection photo images to a silk screen therefore speeding up his production process (http//arthistory. about. com/cs/namesww/p/warhol. htm, 2012).This gave the public a new out carriage on ordinary things. Joseph Kosuth is one of the most famous artists in the realm of Conceptual Art. His piece aptly name Three Chairs is currently on exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The exhibit has a blank and whit picture of the chair, the actual chair, and lastly the printed definition of the word chair (http//www. moma. org/collection/browse_results. php? object_id=81 435, 2012).While this may seem obscure on the surface the artist is trying point out our lack of observation and is trying to make use want to study and dive deeper into his intend meaning (The Museum of Modern Art, MoMA Highlights, New York The Museum of Modern Art, revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 257). Ilya Kabakovs The Man Who Flew into His Picture Installation Art piece displays a look inside the artist true mindset. He displays true creative imagination and skill. It is a room modeled after a Soviet apartment and has a miniature version of the artist flying thru the fog on the white board.Possibly look for outside validation (http//www. moma. org/collection/browse_results. php? object_id=81057, 2012). Lastly is Performance Art. This elbow room of art is defined by a piece of performance art must be centered on an action carried out or score by an artist (Kyle Chayka, 2011). The Mirror that has been created by Iselin Bruff and Torsten Klimmer aka Omananda, Liquid Crystal Vision is a current example of performance art (http//www. omananda. com/movies/performance-art/143-neon-pink-mangas-emerge-from-pyramids-into-qthe-mirrorq, 2012).The performers use light, projectors, film, dance and other mediums to explain the Star of David. While I personally feel this is the strangest of all art forms, it does fulfill the definition of art. While it is and can be said that what art is truly up to the viewer to interprete is true it is up to the artist to display his definition of art. Thru his skills of observation, imagination, he displays to his thoughts and feelings condensed. Whatever their medium maybe it be painting, sculpture, or any of the many others. The world may or may not agree what art is, but the saying is true. It is with in the eyes of the beholder.Referenceshttp//www.musee-rodin.fr/

My Biography Essay

E-MAIL ADDRESS verongutiyahoo. com To whom it may concern, Dear Sir/ Madam, I am a University of Nairobi graduate, born, raised and schooled in Kenya. I have worked In 2 NGOs in the last 3 years. (The first was as a volunteer in the ICL ABC Project Abstinence, Being Faithful and rubber as a Peer Education Supervisor). This has been with adolescents, fellow youth in institutions of higher learning and urban slums (Dandora and Mathare). As a result I have acquired modest but valuable skills on ramble management (Monitoring and Evaluation). I am creative, innovative and eachable.I am familiar with the BCC model and development of EC materials. I am available to start right away. I worked with I Choose life Africa, a leading NGO involved in Peer Education as a project incumbent in the High School Project and as a result I worked with the Ministry Of Education in Carrying out a survey (on Sexual reproductive Health) with the aim of enriching the high School Curriculum among separate d uties. As a student I volunteered for over two years with ICL in organizing and supervising mien revision interventions at the University of Nairobi.I gained experience in working with adult and youth behavior change methodologies and their application to HIV/AIDS. I have conducted numerous matchings on Life Skills in peer education. I was also in charge of the Leadership and governance project which I helped design. In this project, the peer educators we train give back to their communities by training their fellow youth, carrying out outreach and thematic events. Last year, I helped the students pee-pee a memorandum to the Committee of Experts on constitutional affairs. This was given to Mr.Bobby Mkangi during one of our leadership and governance forums. I was part of the team that developed a website dubbed Chuo which is aimed at connecting youth to various opportunities and information provision. I belonged to the customer perspective and proposals teams. I have acquired sk ills in project design, implementation and Monitoring and evaluation. Working with you will be very beneficial to me. This will be a new challenge and a great hazard for me to learn, share, input and grow. Looking forward to working with you. Yours faithfully,

Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems

Abstract Today, many arctic device- lively applications argon controlled by computer softw are. accordingly stiff foot raceing besidesls are essential to provide a high breaker point of condom and to reduce sedate disappointments too minimum. The paper examines existing regulating standards in golosh-critical arrangings. By comparing different parcel laddering methods the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software hearing are existence evaluated. The QUICKIES standard serves as the mall regulatory framework for all separately frames and provides the basis for the creation of application- and Inter thinkently tankards.Moreover it defines certain safety law trains depending on the cranial orbit of application and recommends runing methods consort to these levels. In model- based safety sorting a example model with restricted space pronounce domain is used to obtain representative test depicted objects. Statistical testing is a mathematical appeal that uses a high turning of test cases to drop dead a signifi pratt result. The main challenge of all safety- cerebrate testing methods Is to reduce testing cartridge clip and coordination compoundity without distorting the signifi tidy sumce of the test.These can for example be transportation systems, power plants, and medical applications. As peoples lives depend on the correct social occasion of such control systems and their software, thorough testing is required before they can be admitted to consummation. There are many different software testing methods. Most of them however poll the hazard of a failure but do not value its severity. However, in safety-critical systems a failure that has severe consequences, even if it is extremely rarified, can not be accepted. Therefore testing in this region has to be adopted accordingly.The purpose of this paper is to find and compare the latest methods for safety-critical footwear testing and to mark the most common i ndustry standard in this field. Moreover the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing impart be elaborated. At the beginning the paper allow for provide definitions that are required for the understanding of the concomitant chapters. After that, an introduction to the JUICE 508 safety standard, which serves as a basis for most industry-specific standards, is given.The chapter adjudicateing Methods will address some of the latest safety-related software testing methods in detail. 5 Definitions 2 Definitions 2. 1 Reliability and safe In safety critical systems both, dependability and safety are required to accomplish the goals of dependability. However, reliability and safety are two different attributes of dependability. The reliability, R(t) , of a system is a function of time. It is delimitate as the conditional hazard that the system will perform its think function in a defined way over a given time period and under certain stipulate and assumed c onditions.The most used parameter to characterize reliability is the Mean Time To Failure (MATT). The safety, S(t), of a system is defined as the probability that a system ill either perform its functions right on or will discontinue its functions in a way that does not interrupt the operation of opposite systems or Jeopardize the safety of any people associated with the system 1. Based on these definitions, in reliability testing all failures are weighted equally, whereas in safety testing the failures are weighted according to their severity.Therefore, a reliable system may be quite unsafe and a safe system may be very unreliable. 2. 2 preventive-critical System disk operating systems very complex to generate. As many states are unreachable or very difficult to reach hey can be reduced to a relatively small bit of representative system states. These states are grouped in tercet sub cross offs Normal State Subset (NUNS), Fail-Safe State subset (FPS) and Risky state subset ( IRS). Their relationships are s=Unusualness 6 Their inter-dependability is described as a Markova chain (see figure 1) 2. Figure 1 Three-state Markova Model for golosh-critical Systems(Source 2. Markova Chain Usage Model The Markova chain customs duty model describes the possible usage of a software based on a predicted environment. It can be used to generate statistical test cases and to estimate the software reliability. In an Markova model the transition from operation I to operation J can be denoted by an ordered pair . Let be the transition probability from operation I to operation J, with and EX=I .. N p(is)=1, where n is the number of trading operations. The transitions and transition probabilities can be represented in the form of a intercellular substance 3.Each specific usage of the program corresponds to a path X=(XI, XX, Xi) in the Markova chain where Xi corresponds to the I-the operation. P(Xi, X) determines the next executed operation J after execution of operation I. Since the operations are random rabbles, each path X=(XI, XX, ) forms a stochastic process. For a particular path x=(ox, XSL , ), the equal path execution probability is 3 7 pox pop , x 3 Standards There exist both national and outside(a) standards and guidelines at different depths and classifications which define requirements for safety-related technologies. Yester and provides the basis for the creation of application- and underspecified standards. It includes more than 500 pages of normative and informative specifications and proposals. Nowadays most safety-related standards are based on he JUICE 508 in cabal with the previously applicable requirements 4. The JUICE 508 defines so called Safety Integrity Levels (Sills) which serve as a measuring rod for the safety requirements on a certain system. The following table shows the different SILLS as well as the corresponding probability of failure and application examples.Probability of Failure One Failure in x eld Consequen ces Application Example The last three parts, are informative and include practical examples which should help to modify the application of the standard. The CE 61 508 describes the complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems (E / E / PEE) for separately functions 4. According to the focus of this paper lonesome(prenominal) the parts relating to software testing are mentioned in the following paragraph. Figure 2 shows the verification and validation process in software development according to the JUICE 508 standard.The E/E/PEE system safety requirements are applied both on the system architecture and the software specifications. Every level in the system architecture verifies if it meets the requirements of the next higher layer (I. E. Coding fulfills faculty design requirements, module design fulfills software yester des ign requirements etc. ). Moreover each system architecture layer is well-tried by a specific test. As soon as the test circuit is closed successfully the software can be validated. The standard also recommends and rates certain test methods according to the required SILL. In order to meet the requirements of the CE standard a series.Test methods comprised in the CE 61 508 are categorized as follows 6 Failure analysis (I. E. Cause consequence programs) Dynamic analysis and testing (I. E. Test case execution from model-based test case generation) Functional and black box testing (I. . Equivalence classes and arousal partition testing, including boundary value analysis) Performance testing (I. E. Response timings and memory constraints) unchanging analysis (I. E. Static analysis of run time error behavior) 9 Figure 2 CE 61 508-3 cheque and Validation Process(Source 10 scrutiny Methods 4 Testing Methods There are many different software testing methods.A detailed introduction to al l different methods would be far beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore the author will only mention two methods he deems most relevant in the field of safety-related software testing. Finally both methods are compared and their possible application areas are evaluated. 4. 1 Model-based Safety Testing In model-based testing explicit behavior models that encode the intended behavior of a system and its environment are used. These models generate pairs of inputs and outputs. The output of such a model represents the pass judgment output of the system under test (SOT). Mineral model-based testing method. The system safety-related behavior is defined in the safety requirements specification. Test cases are derived from a safety model that is extracted from the shut and from chunk safety requirements. This model encodes the intended behavior and maps each possible input to the corresponding output. Safety test selection criteria relate to the useable safety of the safety- critical system, to the structure of the model (state coverage, transition coverage), and also to a well defined set of system faults.Safety test case specifications are used to formalize the safety test selection criteria and turn back them operational. For the given safety model and the safety test case specification, an automatic safety test case generator and optimizer generates the safety test case suite. Finally, the concreted input part of a test case is submitted to the SHUT and the SOTs output is recorded. The concentration of the input part of a test case is performed by a safety test engine. Besides executing the safety case, it can also compare the output of the SHUT with the expected output as provided by the safety test case 6. 1 Figure 3 Model-based Safety Testing according Gang You et al. (Source Test Case Generation One of the most commonly tools for test case generation are model checking techniques. The main purpose of model checking is to verify a formal safety property (given as a logic formula) on a system model. In test case generation, model checking is used in order to find violations of certain formal safety properties. Safety models of safety-critical software systems may have a huge number of states. Therefore the greatest challenge when using a model checker is to cope with the state space explosion.As a countermeasure, Gang You et al. s approach applies the safety model, which is derived from SHUT and certain safety requirements. The model 12 limits the number of states by splitting them into three subsets (NUNS, FPS, IRS) containing only representative states (see 2. X). Moreover the safety model encodes he intended behavior, and from its structure, safety test cases can be derived. It thereby restricts the possible inputs into the SHUT and the set of possible separately behaviors of the SOT.Hence, to reduce the amount of testing and guarantee the quality of testing the model checker will search those most frequently entered states and generate the corresponding safety test cases without searching the whole state spaces. The selection of states is based on the safety requirements (Sills). Generally speaking, the safety model can be seen as a test selection mensuration generate safety-related test cases. Figure 4 shows the corresponding flow chart. 1 . The system safety model in the form of a finite state machine (FSML) is transformed into the input diction of the model checker tool (SPIN) 2.Each test requirement of a given safety criterion is develop as a temporal logic expression (LET). 3. Based on the Markova model of a system, the state space is divided into three subsets. 4. In term of these subsets, the negation of each expression of the formula is verified by the model checker. If there is an execution path in the model that does not satisfy the negated formula then it is presented by the model checker as a counter-example. This path becomes a test sequence that satisfies the sea captain test requiremen t. 5.The inputs and outputs that form the executable test case are extracted from the counter-example or are derived by a corresponding guided simulation of the model. 13 Figure 4 Test Case Generation fashion model according Gang You et al. (Source 4. 2 Statistical Testing As already mentioned in 2. 1 reliability is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function. This chapter will splice the reliability of a system with the Markova usage model (see 2. 3). Let f be a function that shows the failure probability of a software. The argument D represents the possible usage set of the software.Each element AXED is a usage path from quo (initial operation) to send (final operation) The relation between software reliability R and failure probability F is R=l -F (2). In the assumed model the failure behavior of the software only depends on its usage path X and not on the input. This misbegottens that the input domain corresponding to the used X i s homogeneous. The simplest way of obtaining unbiased reliability estimation of the software is to select N test paths XSL, XX, , CNN according to the usage model. The exult of the function f(Xi) is 1 if the path fails and O otherwise.Then the arithmetic 14 mean of f(Xi) is an unbiased estimate PEP(f(X)), which is the mathematical expectation of the software failure probability under transition matrix P. Hence, the software reliability can be expressed as R=l -PEP(f(X)) 3. Critical operations are infrequently executed in real applications. This generates the problem that development organizations have to spend too much time when performing adequate statistical testing. Although one can overcome these drawbacks by increase the execution probabilities of critical operations during statistical entire software under test. Yang Going et al. 3 found a possible approach to overcome this problem Importance Sampling (IS) Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration. IS Ba sed Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration This chapter presents the Is-based software statistical testing acceleration method. It ensures that the critical operations tested adequately by adjusting the transition probabilities in the matrix of the usage model, and at the analogous time, produces the unbiased reliability of the software under test. The IS technique reduces simulation run times hen estimating the probabilities of rare events by Monte Carlo simulations 3.For complex software with a large model matrix, the simulation procedure is oft extremely time consuming. To overcome this problem, Yang Going et al. s approach adopts a simulated annealing algorithmic rule to calculate the optimal matrix Q. This widely used optimization method employs stochastic techniques to avoid being trapped in local optimal solution. The 16 exact mathematical explanation of this algorithm is complex and would be out of the scope of this paper. 3 4. 3 Method Comparison Altho ugh model-based and statistical testing follow exclusively different approaches, the challenges are very similar.Both methods have to limit the extent and complexity of testing. Model-based testing reduces the number of test cases by restricting the state space domain of the Markova chain usage model. Whereas statistical testing reduces the number by changing the relation between critical and normal test cases with help off likelihood ratio. 5 Conclusion Today an increasing number of safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures to a minimum. The paper focused on

How is the paranormal made to seem normal? Essay

How is the paranormal make to seem normal? Jekyll and Hyde, a chivalric novella, uses haemorrhoid of world to try to make the story believable. In Portobello Road as well as absolute realism, the conversational style of story relation back helps the lecturer believe.In the stories, diverse styles of language be incorporated. In Jekyll and Hyde a very formal vernacular is used and journalese and legalese ar excessively used whereas in Portobello Road a much more modern vernacular is used and although it is a ghost story, it is grade in modern London, in broad daylight. This is unusual because most ghost stories of that era were set in castles, haunted houses and graveyards. The authoress has set an extra task for herself by doing this. Muriel Stark uses documentary evidence, for instance letters, to encourage the ratifier to believe, as well as telling the story as a friend in a modern, relaxed vernacular. In Jekyll and Hyde, although some parts are hard to believe, the maj ority is easily believable as it contains staggers of realism.A large part of Jekyll and Hyde is the melodramatic leap from the mysterious to the paranormal. Portobello Road also contains melodrama goad is telling the story and the reader has no idea she is dead and whence it suddenly comes out of the blue. She mentions her remnant and then carries on as normal, and the reader sidelines this circumstance as the story continues. Though there is a lot of melodrama in both of the stories, this is disguised by the realism. In Jekyll and Hyde, the author mentions specific places in London, to give a sense of place, which the everyday person would recognise (such as Soho etc). Also mentioned are everyday occurrences such as pea-souper fogs. In Portobello Road, places are also mentioned (i.e. Portobello Road market, Kent, Edinburgh, Africa).Both stories are also made believable by the main characters presenting the stories to the reader. In Jekyll and Hyde Mr Utterson, the lawyer and t he person who represents us the reader, tells the story. When he opens the letters, or opens doors, we the reader are right behind him, egging him on. Needle tells the story in Portobello Rd and we, the reader, can relate to her. We relate to the fact she has gone through life without a proper job by vindicatory earning enough or luckily finding money. She is a drifter who just drifts through life, just like a ghost. We also relate to her bitchiness to Kathleen. When she sees her friend Kathleen ageing and she herself is not, she says, Poor Kathleen- I hate to say how she imagineed. Though she says this, she is likely secretly enjoying it, as most women would.The environment also plays a big part in both stories, adding to the realism as well as the believability and the understanding. Both are set in London, the ceiling of the known world, and both mention certain items to their advantage. In Jekyll and Hyde we see Soho and Cavendish Square mentioned, as well as Georgian street s, houses, doors, gas lamps and the chiming of bells, all of which add to the realism. In Portobello Road, we hear mention of jolly paint villas, Portobello Road market (a most unusual setting for a ghost story), Kent and of foreign countries such as Zimbabwe.Characters also make a huge impact on the understanding and believability of a story. In both of the stories, the authors use the characters to help the reader enjoy and believe their story.In Portobello Road we have Needle who shows human emotions and delightful bitchiness to which all of the readers can relate and also uses irony she says how they all look older and of course ghosts dont age. Then we have George, who thinks the other characters have changed for the worse and in the end, he pays for the death of Needle by cracking up. All of this also adds to the large amount of realism in the story.In Jekyll and Hyde, we have firstly Jekyll, who suffered an emotionally deprived childhood, on which he blames his sins. There a re verbal clues to Jekyll, Je kill in French and German and in the book hear of a, tendency for irregularities, and I concealed my pleasures. Then we have Mr Utterson, the man who represents us, the reader, and who is a respectable lawyer. We all have immorality inwardly of us, but Mr Utterson controls this evil by effort, conscience and self-discipline. He drinks gin instead of vintage wine and in spite of enjoying the theatre, does not go. Another character is Enfield, the person who first sparks curiosity and creates a sense of normality and in the long run Lanyon and Hyde. Lanyons death leads to the unfolding of the mystery explained in more documentary evidence. Hyde has an aura of hatred and evil personified as a human who once everybody sees, everybody dislikes.In ghost stories, the monster has never been close to us and where we live, making us feel safe. Bram Stoker brought Dracula to Whitby moor, but in Jekyll and Hyde, the monster is not just near us, it is inside of u s.There is a moral in both stories in Portobello Rd the moral is that George pays for the death of Needle by cracking up. In Jekyll and Hyde the moral is that unrestrained reliance on science could be dangerous, or it is the battle between black and grey.After reading the books, I enjoyed Portobello Road more. I launch it more easily believable. I think this was because of the modern, conversational language used and the fact that it was nearer my clipping zone. Viewed in a 19th century context, Jekyll and Hyde is also believable, but I didnt find it as convincing.I enjoyed both stories and I think the style and the language contribute to these two totally different stories in a big way.After reading both, I have realised we dont need chemicals to change from good to evil, we all have an evil side, but it is only exposed when encouraged.

Do Girls in Elementary Schools get better grades. Than boys when the achievement levels are the same?

Marion T. honorary society Charter shallows be one of the independent public naturalizes in the US. A charter develop that establishes each rail in a performance contract detailing the scholastic mission, program, goals, and measures of success. They are accountable to their authorizers, parents, and to the public. Its freed from bureaucracy that ofttimes put in in traditional informs, charters design and deliver programs tailored to educational excellence for the student and residential area needs.The creation of the charter condition legislation is intended to improve student learning encourage the utilise of polar and innovative or proven school environments in teaching and learning methods and provide parents and students with ameliorate measures of school performance and greater opportunities in choosing public schools within and outside their school districts in couch to provide a well-educated community. This research will discuss about the following concern vide licet The Problem Do girls in elementary schools get better grades than boys even when the achievement level is the resembling? Interpretation of data school profile Measures applied for the problem Recommendations findings for the problem Page 3 Do girls in elementary schools get better grades than boys even when the achievement level is the same? Studies believe that two genetics and environment are a actor that can make girls more intelligent than the boys forage is also a huge factor, for example, especi every last(predicate)y during the developmental years of the child.Some individuals are born with more unconditional math ability than others. Just as just about people are born with radically different physical attributes, and capabilities, the same holds true for their mental attributes. Then, environment propels in, which is also extremely powerful. In regards to whether males have more innate math ability and if females have more innate ability in literal/languag e, roughly of the studies That have supported the hypotheses that males have a genetic advantage in spatial-visual stuff, and that females have an advantage in language .Early in the 20th century-old take of researchers discovered that all tests of mental ability ranked individuals in about the same way. Although mental tests are often designed to measure specific domains of cognitionverbal fluency, say, or mathematical skill, spatial visualization or memorypeople who do well on one kind of test tend to do well on the others, and people who do badly intelligence generally do so across the board. This overlap, or Interco relation, suggests that all such tests measure some global element of intellectual ability as well as specific cognitive skills.In fresh decades, psychologists have devoted much effort to test intelligent isolating that general factor, which is abbreviated, from the other aspects of cognitive ability gauged in mental tests. The statistical extraction of intellige nt quotient is performed by a technique called factor synopsis. Introduced at the turn of the century by British Page 4 Psychologist Charles Spearman, factor analysis determines the tokenish number of underlying dimensions necessary to explain a pattern of intelligence.The Interesting thing about the study was that sex hormones may play a part, which would explain why this could be accounted for partly through genetics, since the hormones kick in at puberty. I think this is obviously just the A general factor suffusing all tests is not, as is sometimes argued, a necessary outcome of factor analysis. No general factor has been found in the analysis of personality tests, for example instead the method usually yields at least tailfin dimensions (neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to ideas), each relating to different subsets of tests.But, as Spearman observed, a general factor does emerge from analysis of mental ability tests, and leading psycho logists, such as Arthur R. Jensen of the University of California at Berkeley and John B. Carroll of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, have at this point, and goes against much of gender feminism, although not classic feminism. According to recent studies, girls get over boys in primary and secondary school and have higher high school graduation place and higher rates of college admission.In Arizona, the disparity is startling Statistics published online by State Superintendent of Public focussing Tom Horne show that girls score more than five percent higher on the AIMS reading and musical composition sections at all four tested grade levels. Schools across America report having high female-to-male ratios on honor rolls and in Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate classes, according to The New York Times. For the Class of 2004 in Arizona, graduation rates among white students were 88.7 percent for females and 83. 7 percent for males. The percentage ga ps were nearly identical for Hispanic, Afro-American and Asian-American students. Interpretation of data School profile Page 5 Marion T. Academy Charter School clear in September 2000. The Department of Education and State Board of Education approved this school. The plan for the school was to open with grades K-5 and then add a grade each year until the school was K-7.In September 2000, it undefendable at a temporary site in modular buildings at 97 Vandever Avenue on the east side of Wilmington, while a permanent facility was under construction. The first year, the school served somewhat 400 students in grades K-5. During 2003-04 and the school enrolled approximately 600 students in grades K-8. In summer 2001, the school moved into a permanent facility at 1121 Thatcher Street on the east side of Wilmington, a few blocks forth from the original temporary site.To accommodate additional students due to expansion, the school leased additional space at the Police Athletic League B uilding in Wilmington beginning in school year 2003-04. The schools charter has been renewed by the Delaware Department of Education and State Board of Education for surgery through school year 2007-08. The Secretary of Education and State Board of Education required that the schools Marion T. Academy Charter School, offers classes for students in kindergarten through sixth grade.Its classified as being in or near a mid-sized city having a population less than 250,000 With 34 full-time classroom teachers, and the school has an approximate student population of 521 with a student/teacher ratio of 15. 61. This school allocates approximately $2,977 per pupil for instructional expenses. It is committed in providing a safe, nurturing and challenging learning environment, with the aim of producing accountable and productive citizens in the future. Marion T. Academy Problems encountered Page 6 Marion T. Academy encountered problems during the operations stated as follows Marion T. Academ y were not offered the school woof option and it failed to attempt to enter into a cooperative agreement with some other LEA that would have allowed for parents of students with a home feeder school identified for the improvement to select survival of the fittest options and transfer to a school not identified for improvement. Marion T. Academy did not budget funds for school choice of transportation to meet the federal spending requirement for school choice transportation be This school does not have adequate funding to accommodate the transportation costs Associated with the school choice option of students had been offered and had exercised the school choice option. Two LEAS did not comply with supplemental educational service requirements. The SES enate notification letters sent by CSD and IRSD failed to include all of the information required by the ESEA. And the school had procedural failures contributing to the insufficient implementation of SES at one school. SES Not ification Letters Deficiencies, are the hold up sending of important letters to the parents and other important persons for all the activities and all the achievement and problems of the students.

Gatsby Daisy Portrait

Alexis Ro human beingso Mr. Emra Honors American Literature (5) 23 January 2012 Portrait of Daisy Buchanan Wife of gobbler Buchanan, cousin ( erstwhile removed) of Nick Carra port, and love interest of Jay Gatsby are all titles once held by Daisy Buchanan, an intriguing reference book in F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic The Great Gatsby. Throughout the novel, Daisy oozes thoughtlessness she has an unspoken essence of charm, but once she gets the attention she craves she acts on a nonher personality trait of hers, her frivolous disregard for other peoples emotions.While these characteristics are part of what define Daisy, a more fitting description of Daisys essence would be her practicality. In the first chapter, Daisy anticipates that her daughter will be less commonsensical than she is, in chapter eight the lecturer finds out that Daisy was under the impression that Gatsby came from a wealthy background, and again in the eighth chapter, the issue of Daisys undying astuteness rears its head. Within the first seventeen pages of the novel, Fitzgerald has already addressed Daisys inquire to remain grounded and realistic.After giving birth to her daughter, Pammy, Daisy remarks Im glad its a girl. And I hope shell be a foolthats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool. Daisy is hoping that her daughter never develops the everlasting practicality that she was cursed with. At this turn on in the story, Daisy has already sent her Dear John letter to Gatsby, and begun a relationship, then marriage with the hale off Tom Buchanan.Daisy is wishing that she had been less pragmatic and more foolish by taking a chance and staying with Gatsby rather than being safe and marrying Tom. Daisy hates that she cannot allow herself to be expert with Gatsby without the security of Toms money. By hoping for a foolish daughter Daisy is hoping for Pammy to make decisions based on love and whatever makes her happy rather than the seemingly fundamental thi ngs that Daisy was concerned with. Even Gatsby knew that Daisy was a very ground minded single(a) who always ad the future in mind he loved her regardless. He had deliberately accustomed Daisy a sense of security he let her believe that he was a person from some(prenominal) the same stratum as herselfthat he was fully able to take worry of her. Gatsby understood Daisy passable to know that without a promise of wealth, Daisy wouldnt allow herself to associate with him, so as to avoid any(prenominal) impractical romance beginning with a man who couldnt support her style of living by and by in flavour.She began her romance with Gatsby under the false pretense that he had the amount of money necessary for Daisy to roll in the hay comfortably, which was the number one priority on her list. Daisy did not realize that she was living unrealistically, so her obsession with remain grounded and practical was not a problem. Also in chapter eight, Nick (the narrator) tells how there w as a quality of unquiet despair in Daisys letters. While Gatsby was in the war, Daisy was left to examine every possible spot in their relationship.At any moment while he was abroad Gatsby could have changed his mind about benignant Daisy, which brought out Daisys most circumspect mindset. This point in the novel shows how despite being in love with Jay Gatsby, Daisy will not allow herself to fully be with a man who cannot take sustainment of her. Another point in chapter eight where her levelheadedness is evident is when Nick brings up what Daisy wanted She wanted her life shaped now, immediatelyand the decision must be made by some forceof love, of money, of authentic practicalitythat was close at hand. It is clear that while Daisy really did believe in love and wished to find it, she was practically too practical, allowing money to be just as crucial to the relationship as the chemistry in the midst of herself and either Tom or Gatsby. Daisy eventually chooses between real unadulterated love and her perpetual practicality by dating, and later marrying Tom Buchanan. Doubtless there was a certain struggle and a certain relief. Although Daisy doesnt have feelings as strong for Tom as she does for Gatsby she allows the aspect of money to sway her opinions on which man to be with, once again showing how painfully prudent she is. While reading The Great Gatsby it was unaffixed to fall into Fitzgeralds trap of becoming emotionally invested in the story. I became a close coadjutor of Gatsby (my favorite character), rooting for him in his relationship with Daisy, his friendship with Nick and any and all of his shady argumentation endeavors. Being so biased in Gatsbys favor makes it hard for me to determine whether or not I liked or disliked Daisy.On one hand, she didnt have the strength to take a chance and follow her heart, by waiting for Gatsby while he fought in the war but on the other hand she was able to make unromantic, unidealistic decisions to ens ure that in the future she would be taken care of and protected, which I can respect. Ultimately, I think that my loyalty to my dear friend, Gatsby, overpowers my respect for Daisys businesslike way of decision making, leaving me to decide that there were more moments in the novel when I disliked Daisy than moments when I had respect for her ability to make difficult decisions.

Readers Response to Writing Badly Essay

In his essay, The Importance of Writing Badly, Bruce Ballenger encourages students to write freely and to not worry to the highest degree finding the finished panache of saying it. I feel by saying this he means to not worry or so what youre writing and it may not necessarily be perfect, but that you write what you are thinking and continue writing even if its fallacious or may not make sense. He means to put all your thoughts drink on paper and start from there. Ballenger gives his students permission to write speculatively. He expresses that when the writing stops, so does the thinking. He also states that he is far more interested in promote thinking than error-free sentences and concise, clear writing. Do I hold up with Bruce Ballenger? I feel that I absolutely agree with him. If you would have asked me in High School if I agreed, I would have said no. My English teacher in High School was much like the teacher Ballenger describes in this essay as Mrs. ONeill. Every p aper we had to write had nothing but red pen marks correcting bad sentences.Or as Ballenger put it some high priest of good grammar whose angry scribbling occupied the margins of our cover. She was much more critical of our grammar and punctuation then what we were writing. This was very discouraging to me and a lot of my fellow classmates. I then became more critical of myself as a writer and how I was writing and not what I was writing. I was paying more attention to other details instead of what I was thinking most writing, which remnanted up making it very stressful to write. So by the end of my English class, I was fairly decent with grammar. In fact friends and family of mine occasionally have asked me to proof read papers of theirs, and I find myself doing nothing but cognizeing grammar issues instead of actually reading the paper for the report political machined it is. I agree with Ballenger when he says that clear writing matters and should be demanded, but that it should not be the offshoot thing important when you start writing a paper. You can always go back and fix grammar and punctuation issues, but you sometimes may not get your thoughts or ideas back that you were thinking of to be able to express what you wanted to write after lifting the pen from the paper. Before reading the text, just smell at the title I thought this was just going to be about writing bad and not worrying about what you are writing. And really it is, but the text was more than that and made me realize that writing isnt about how you write it is more about what you write about. Its about acquire to what you are writing about and the process it takes to get there. More than just writing words down and making sure you use the words correctly. Its about expressing what you are really thinking about and writing down your thoughts to begin with. I will take Ballengers advice because I feel I will have more to say after free writing and brainstorming my topics and by d oing that I will have more effective essays. Ballenger ends this essay with And what matters in this journey-at least ab initio-is not what kind of car youre driving, but where you end up. I think what Ballenger means by this is that it doesnt matter how perfect you write. What matters is that you get the ideas you have and the point you are trying to make across in your writing. And in the end having your thoughts down, you will write the paper you are trying to write even if that means that the writing you initially write is not perfect.

Anthropology, psychology, history, sociology, education, political Research Paper

Anthropology, psychology, history, sociology, education, political science, gender studies, economics, legal studies - Research idea ExampleThe word slum connotes an area where no ethnic community dominates. Poverty levels are naughty in slums, barrios and ghettos. It should be noted that not all African- American and Hispanic neighborhoods are poor.Discussions of underclass have-to doe with the residents of those inner cities with certain types of behaviors and attitudes. Excessive focus on poorest inner cities can redirect attention from the broader geomorphologic aspect of pauperization. As a result they may fail to see the important contributions to reducing need that straightforward measures like Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) can achieve. Painting a picture of firm poverty in inner cities can cause hopelessness among policy makersMost alarming brotherly evils in the society, ranging from use and sale of illegal drug to violence, take place in the inner cities of America . counterbalance though today poverty in the inner cities of America is still a major concern, around Americans do not talk about it. However, when asked about poverty directly, many throng will lodge that poverty, especially in inner cities of America, is still a major concern. Poverty is a complex phenomenon which is hard to define. It is also vexed to differentiate forms, causes and consequences of poverty. Further, many people do not agree why poverty is a problem in America. Neither do they agree on the causes or consequences. It is therefore difficult to agree on a solution.There are those people who weigh the poor are prudent for their condition. Mostly, people who feel the poor are responsible for their circumstances are the middle and upper income earners. They believe the poor can change their circumstances by working hard. This class of Americans feel poor people should not receive welfare benefits from the government. The middle and upper class Americans are care ful to avoid working, donjon or even driving through the inner cities. Inner cities

Innovation in Gurit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Innovation in Gurit - Case Study ExampleGurit, the company is one of the leadership contenders in the tangled materials and solutions industry. The customer base of the company is spread all over the world. The company has lead decades history of providing innovative composite materials, engineering solutions and technical support to its customers all over the world. The potential tail end market of the company is in the sectors of Wind Energy, Transportation, Marine and selected other application areas.The company has cutting coast over other competitors of manufacturing tailored materials according to the unique requirements of customers. These composite materials are manufactured by pre-impregnating the composite materials also known as prepregs. Important components of composite material solutions include structural foam products, theorise resins, adhesives and gel coats. The company has continued research in order to manufacture materials having unique characteristics of m inimal weight, maximum stability and stiffness combining with unlimited suitable design properties catering the needs of todays modern formula and interior decoration. The Company has production sites in Switzerland, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom in Europe, large facilities in Canada and china as well as the support of engineering, gross revenue and service subsidiaries in the United States of America, India, Australia and New Zealand, Gurit is excellently positioned to serve a truly global customer base (Gurit, 2007). The Company is listed in SIX Swiss Stick exchange and have it s headquarter in Zrich/Switzerland. Market position of GuritMarket share is a good indicator of economic growth as compare to the financial analysis and raw sales data. The business model adopted by Gurit helped the organisation in increasing the yields in 2008 by improve the cash flows and increasing the returns on hood. According to the figures presented by the Gurit management the following t rends were observedTarget market sales up 6.7% in reported CHF up 17.8% at constant December 2008 currency rendition rates Group sales including divestment effects up 1.6% to CHF 456.2 cardinal Operational EBIT up from CHF -4.1 million to CHF 23.9 million Net income up from CHF 1 million to CHF 17 million Net Cash flow from operations at CHF 31.1 million CHF 1.7 million net cash 2008 vs CHF 45.7 million net debt 2007 Net working capital ratio reduced from 19.6% to 14.1% Flexible staff adjustments to volatile markets in Q2, 2009(Figures taken from http//www.gurit.com/news.aspitemid=1277&itemTitle=Financial+year+2008+ scratch§ion=000100010029§ionTitle=Market+News+items+from+around+Gurit) Full year 2008 results The company reported an increase in net sales by 1.6% or CHF 456.2 million for the year 2008. The growth of 6.7% was also reported in