The Measurement And Instrumentation Engineering Essay

The vizor And Instrumentation applied science EssayA pyrometer is usanced to time the temperature of an aspiration from a distance, without making contact. The method manipulationd for making these non-contacting temperature measurements is known as beam of escape pyrometry. Non-contact temperature sensors use the concept of infr ard glad energy to measure the temperature of marks from a distance. afterwards determining the wavelength of the energy being emitted by an object, the sensor can use integrated equations that take into account the bodys veridical and come out qualities to determine its temperature Pyrometer is derived from the Greek root pyro, meaning fire. The term pyrometer was currently used to denote a contrivance capable of quantity temperatures of objects above incandescence, objects bright to the human eye. The original pyrometers were non-contacting optical devices which intercepted and evaluated the visible radiation emitted by glowing objects. A innovational and more correct definition would be both non-contacting device intercepting and measuring thermal radiation emitted from an object to determine surface temperature. Thermometer, also from a Greek root thermos, signifying hot, is used to describe a wide smorgasbord of devices used to measure temperature. Thus a pyrometer is a type of thermometer. The assigning radiation thermometer has evolved over the past decade as an alternative to pyrometer. wherefore the terms pyrometer and radiation thermometer are used interchangeably by some(prenominal) references.A radiation thermometer, in very simple terms, consists of an optical arrangement and detector. The optical system focuses the energy emitted by an object onto the detector, which is sensitive to the radiation. The production of the detector is proportional to the amount of energy radiated by the target object ( little the amount absorbed by the optical system), and the response of the detector to the special ized radiation wavelengths. This output can be used to infer the objects temperature. The emittivity, or emittance, of the object is an important variable in deepening the detector output into an complete temperature level.Pyro-ElectricPyroelectric detectors for thermal radiations are a relatively new create of pyrmometers. The construction material is usually ceramics are materials whose molecules have a constant electric dipole because of the position of the electrons in molecules. Normally these molecules lie in a random mish-mash manner all across the bulk of the material wherefore there is no net electrification as a whole. Also, at ambient temperatures the location or orientation of these molecules is more or little fixed. If the temperature is raised above some level property to the particular material, the molecules fuck off to rotate freely. The temperature at which this start to happen is called the Curie temperature.When the pyroelectric surface is used as detect or in a pyrometer, when the radiations from the source are absorbed by the pyroelectric material, its surface temperature increases .In the beginning the charge on the electrodes would be leaked away through the external electrical circuit and hence the measured voltage betwixt the electrodes would be zero. When the pyroelectric surface screw ups up a voltage is detected between the deuce electrodes. As the temperature is get along increased, throw out voltage is increased. Through this voltage value we can measure the temperature. The physical construction of a pyroelectric pyrometer is similar to the total radiation thermometer.CUsersKKupusamyDesktopimages.jpgPyroelectric linear arraysPhoto electricA photoelectrical pyrometer has been developed with which the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) above the gold point, 1063 C, is complete about 5 times more accurately than with the prevalently used disappearance filament visual pyrometer. Estimated standard deviati on uncertainties of realizing the IPTS with the photoelectric instrument.An instrument that measures juicy temperatures by using a photoelectric arrangement to measure the radiant energy disposed off by the heated object.http//img.tfd.com/ggse/43/gsed_0001_0019_0_img5330.png visual system of an automatic photoelectric pyrometerOpticalAn optical pyrometer is a device which allows contactless temperature measuring by using the incandescense color. It is based upon the fact that all sorry bodies do have the same incandescense color at a given temperature. It is very straightforward and allows any temperature from which a hot object emits light ( 500 deg C). It is made from a small magnifying optical device (like a monocular or very small telescope) in which a small light electric light is placed which image is sharp when the user views through the eyepiece (the lens(es) on the eye end of the optical device). The blanketground is the hot object to be gauged. The electrical curre nt laming through the filaments in the bulb is an indication of their temperature. This current is controlled by a potentiometer which is put between the power source (a battery) and the bulb. An ammeter is used to display the temperature. Its range is from 500 C (== 900F lower limit when an object incandesces) to 1600 C (3000 F), which is equal for most applications.http//www.pyrometer.com/NewFiles/Figure2.gif typical temperature ranges for optical pyrometers marvel 3Electrocardiography ( electrocardiogram) electrocardiogram (electrocardiogram) is a examen that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that shell in rhythm to pump the blood through the body.The signals that make the patrol wagon muscle fibers contract come from the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemanufacturing business of the heart.In an electrocardiogram test, the electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are save and usually shown on a piece of paper.T his is known as an electrocardiogram, and records any problems with the hearts rhythm, and the conduction of the heart beat through the heart which may be asked by underlying heart disease.https//instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb440/FinalProjects/f2003/nwl2/Final%20Webpage/High-Level.JPG mental block diagram of ECGWhat (Electrically) is being measuredThe measuring can be different with being different type conditions. Usually the some ECG ordain be recorded when the longanimous remain resting. But in some case as, some patients who having coronary heart disease symptoms, ECG will be taken while the doing exercise bike or t memorize torpedo. The electric waves in the heart are recorded in mill volts by the ECG. The waves are recorded by electrodes positioned on certain separate of the body. Each electrode controls an ink needle that writes on a grid paper. The high the intensity of the electric wave, the higher up the needle will jaunt on the paper. The paper moves at a c ertain speed infra the needle, resulting in an ink curve.How is electric signal capture? How does it work?AmplifierThe amplifier receives the electrical signals from the electrodes and converts the information. Because the bodys electrical signals are relatively weak, the amplifier must first stabilize the signal and then amplify by a factor of between pentad and 10. The amplifier is composed of several sections, including a buffer amplifier and preamplifier both of which work to convert the information received from the electrodes into information that is strong enough to be read by the output device. The amplifier is designed to receive information directly from the patient however, it is also separate from the primary power circuits of the ECG machine.What is the sensor?Measurement of the ECG signal gets challenging due to the presence of the large DC offset and various interference signals. This potential can be up to 300mV for a typical electrode. The interference signals in clude the 50-/60-Hz interference from the power supplies, action artifacts due to patient movement, radio absolute frequence interference from electro-surgery equipments, defibrillation pulses, pace maker pulses, other monitoring equipment, etc.Depending on the end equipment, different accuracies will be needed in an ECGStandard monitoring postulate frequencies between 0.05-30 HzDiagnostic monitoring needs frequencies from 0.05-1000 Hz whatever of the 50Hz/60Hz common mode interference can be cancelled with a high-input-impedance instrumentation amplifier (INA), which removes the AC line noise common to both inputs. To further reject line power noise, the signal is inverted and driven back into the patient through the right leg by an amplifier. Only a few micro amps or less are required to happen upon significant CMR improvement and stay within the UL544 limit. In addition, 50/60Hz digital notch filters are used to reduce this interference further.http//produceconsumerobot.com/ heartfeltapparel/content/7128.ecg.bmp pad circuit of Block diagramQuestion 4Vout = R3 (V2-V1) When Vout = 0,R10 = R3 (V2 1)R1V2 = 1 When Vout = 10,Vout = R3 (V2 V1)R110 =R3(5 1)R110 = 4R3R110R1=4R3 Let R1= 10K10 - 10K= 4R3R3 = 25KR3 = R4 = 25KR1 = 10CUsersRashydsAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary ne 2rk FilesContent.WordNew Picture (2).bmpQuestion 5 potential difference to frequencyThe family of voltage-to-frequency converters ideally suitable for in simple low-cost-circuits for analog-to-digital conversion, precision frequency-to-voltage conversion, long-term integration, linear frequency passage or demodulation, and many more. The output when used a voltage-to frequency converter is a pulse train at a frequency exactly proportional to the applied input voltage. Consequently, it provides all the inherent advantages of the voltage-to-frequency converter techniques, and slatternly to apply in all standard voltage-to-frequency converter application.Frequency and VoltageThe t achometer uses a charge pump technique and offer frequency repetition for low wrinkle, full input protection in two versions and output swing to ground for a zero frequency input.The amplitude is fully well-matched with the tachometer and has a floating transistor as its output. This characteristic allows either a ground or supply referred load up to 50mA. This version is well suited for single speed or frequency switching or fully buffered frequency to voltage conversion application.Question 6Orifice PlateAn obstruction (orifice) is placed in a pipe filled with peregrine. The pressure of the liquified is measured at two different points 1) just upstream of the orifice and, 2) close to the contraction of the fluid (vena contracta). The difference in these two pressures is known as derivative instrument pressure. The differential pressure across an obstruction (orifice) in a pipe of fluid is proportional to the square of the velocity of the fluid.Many factors associated with the pipe, orifice and fluid affect the measurement. Satisfactory measurement requires steady-state, homogeneous, turbulent drawing fluids. Other properties which affect the measurement include the ratio of pipe diameter to orifice diameter and the density, temperature, compressibility and viscosity of the fluid.http//www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/4/3/fig4.3.3.gifVenturi MeterVenturi has a long tarradiddle of uses in many applications. Due to its simplicity and dependability, the Venturi is among the most common flowmeters. With no moving parts or abrupt flow restrictions, the Venturi can measure fluid flowrates with a minimal total pressure loss.The principle rat the operation of the Venturiflowmeter is the Bernoulli Effect. The Venturi measures a fluids flowrate by reducing the cross sectional flow area in the flow path and generating a pressure difference. afterwards the pressure difference is generated, the fluid is passed through a pressure c onvalescence exit section where up to 80% of the differential pressure generated at the throat is recovered. The pressure differential follows Bernoullis Equation.http//www.ustudy.in/imagebrowser/view/image/3463/_originalVenturi meter prigA NOZZLE IS A DUCT WHICH CONVERT HEAT vigor INTO KINETIC ENERGY.IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF FLUID PASSING THROUGH IT AT THE EXPENCE OF atmospheric pressurehttp//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTTDTUwnq857efZrPN3mtwS-vIsRZ8OJxuVf1aPxsynFcrbaNuVCQPitot tubePitot tube is used for measuring the stagnation within a channel, pipe or duct flow. Pitot tube is made in symmetrical body such as cylinder, cone, or hemisphere with drilled by the side of its central axis. If this is associated with its central axis in the direction of the flow the fluid will accelerate around the upstream face with less energy losses, and a stagnation point incline at the piezometric opening. emanate measurement using (a) Pitot tube, and (b) Pitot-static tube.Pitot tubes on airc raft commonly have heating elements called Pitot heat to prevent the tube from becoming clogged with ice.